Speech Production and Malocclusion: A Review
Main Article Content
Keywords
Sound production, malocclusion, speech difficulties
Abstract
The article focuses on speech production in relation to malocclusion. It investigates how malocclusion could affect sound production and articulating clearly. The article also discusses how orthodontists could fix malocclusion and improve the sound production. Speech production is a complicated process involving several speech organs, including the mouth cavity. Malocclusion can have an adverse effect on pronunciation, especially on specific speech sounds. It can also cause compensatory articulation problems, which can affect pronunciation further. Certain speech sounds, such as /s/, /z/, /t/, /d/, /l/, /r/, / θ /, and /t/, can be affected by malocclusion. Different types and levels of malocclusions may have different effects on pronunciation. It is necessary to speak with an orthodontist to determine the most appropriate therapy for malocclusion. Proper diagnosis and treatment can assist in reducing the impact on pronunciation. Additionally, speech and language therapy may help in the development of speech. The article concludes with an overview of the available treatments for speech production, the potential impacts of malocclusion can be minimized.
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References
Alhammadi, M. S., Halboub, E., Fayed, M. S., Labib, A., & El-Saaidi, C. (2018). Global Distribution of Malocclusion Traits: A Systematic Review. Dental Press Journal of Orthodontics, 23(6), 40.e1-40.e10. https://doi.org/10.1590/2177-6709.23.6.40.e1-10.onl
Alhazmi, W. (2022). Mouth Breathing and Speech Disorders: A Multidisciplinary Evaluation Based on the Etiology. Journal of Pharmacy And Bioallied Sciences, 14(5), 911. https://doi.org/10.4103/jpbs.jpbs_235_22
Anant, N., Motghare, R., Yadav, P., & Mohammed, A. (2022). Preventive Pediatric Dentistry. Book Rivers. https://books.google.co.id/books?id=wSxfEAAAQBAJ
Araujo, E., & Buschang, P. H. (Eds.). (2016). Recognizing and Correcting Developing Malocclusions: A Problem-Oriented Approach to Orthodontics. Wiley Blackwell.
Assaf, D. D. C., Knorst, J. K., Busanello-Stella, A. R., Ferrazzo, V. A., Berwig, L. C., Ardenghi, T. M., & Marquezan, M. (2021). Association Between Malocclusion, Tongue Position and Speech Distortion in Mixed-Dentition Schoolchildren: An Epidemiological Study. Journal of Applied Oral Science, 29, e20201005. https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-7757-2020-1005
Baghbadorani, E. A., & Roohani, A. (2014). The Impact of Strategy-based Instruction on L2 Learners’ Persuasive Writing. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 98, 235–241. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.03.412
Bourzgui, F. (2015). Issues in Contemporary Orthodontics. IntechOpen. https://books.google.co.id/books?id=ommQDwAAQBAJ
Brzezińska-Zając, A., Sycińska-Dziarnowska, M., Spagnuolo, G., Szyszka-Sommerfeld, L., & Woźniak, K. (2023). Candida Species in Children Undergoing Orthodontic Treatment with Removable Appliances: A Pilot Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(6), 4824. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20064824
Chandrashekhar, S., Bommangoudar, J. S., Shetty, S., & Sidral, S. (2020). Pedodontists Role in Managing Speech Impairments Due to Structural Imperfections and Oral Habits: A Literature Review. International Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry, 13(1), 85–90. https://doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10005-1745
Chen, J., Wan, J., & You, L. (2018). Speech and Orthodontic Appliances: A Systematic Literature Review. European Journal of Orthodontics, 40(1), 29–36. https://doi.org/10.1093/ejo/cjx023
Damasceno Melo, P. E., Bocato, J. R., De Castro Ferreira Conti, A. C., Siqueira De Souza, K. R., Freire Fernandes, T. M., De Almeida, M. R., & Pedron Oltramari, P. V. (2021). Effects of Orthodontic Treatment with Aligners and Fixed Appliances on Speech: The Angle Orthodontist, 91(6), 711–717. https://doi.org/10.2319/110620-917.1
De Felippe, N. L. O., Da Silveira, A. C., Viana, G., & Smith, B. (2010). Influence of Palatal Expanders on Oral Comfort, Speech, and Mastication. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, 137(1), 48–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajodo.2008.01.023
Doshi, U. H., & Bhad-Patil, W. A. (2011). Speech Defect and Orthodontics: A Contemporary Review. Orthodontics: The Art and Practice of Dentofacial Enhancement, 12(4), 340–353.
Eslamian, L., & Leilazpour, A. P. (2006). Tongue to Palate Contact During Speech in Subjects with and Without a Tongue Thrust. The European Journal of Orthodontics, 28(5), 475–479. https://doi.org/10.1093/ejo/cjl020
Fant, G. (1971). Acoustic Theory of Speech Production: With Calculations based on X-Ray Studies of Russian Articulations. DE GRUYTER. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110873429
Giegerich, H. J. (1992). English Phonology: An Introduction (1st ed.). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139166126
Gracco, V. L., Tremblay, P., & Pike, B. (2005). Imaging Speech Production Using fMRI. NeuroImage, 26(1), 294–301. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.01.033
Granath, L., & McHugh, W. D. (Eds.). (2021). Systemized Prevention of Oral Disease Theory and Practice. CRC Press.
Guenther, F. H. (2016). Neural Control of Speech. The MIT Press. https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/10471.001.0001
Gurudatta, N. S., Kamble, R. H., Sangtani, J. K., John, Z. A., Ahuja, M. M., & Khakhar, P. G. (2021). Discomfort, Expectations and Experiences during Treatment of Class II Malocclusion with Clear Block and Twin Block Appliance—A Pilot Survey. Journal of Evolution of Medical and Dental Sciences, 10(15), 1064–1068. https://doi.org/10.14260/jemds/2021/227
Harini, R., Thailavathy, V., & Kannan, M. S. (2020). Speech and Malocclusion-a Review. European Journal of Molecular & Clinical Medicine, 7(8), 1815–1818.
Hiremath, S. S. (2011). Textbook of Preventive and Community Dentistry. Elsivier India.
Hitos, S. F., Arakaki, R., Solé, D., & Weckx, L. L. M. (2013). Oral Breathing and Speech Disorders in Children. Jornal de Pediatria, 89(4), 361–365. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jped.2012.12.007
Hixon, T. J., Weismer, G., & Hoit, J. D. (2018). Preclinical Speech Science: Anatomy, Physiology, Acoustics, and Perception, Third Edition. Plural Publishing, Incorporated. https://books.google.co.id/books?id=SDFtDwAAQBAJ
Hoit, J. D., & Weismer, G. (2016). Foundations of Speech and Hearing: Anatomy and Physiology. Plural Publishing, Incorporated. https://books.google.co.id/books?id=5ipBDwAAQBAJ
Inglehart, M. R., & Bagramian, R. (Eds.). (2002). Oral Health-Related Quality of Life. Quintessence Pub.
Karacay, S., Yildirim, E., Bengi, O., & Ortakoglu, K. (2013). Correction of Protruded Incisors by Rapid Tooth Distalization and Skeletal Anchorage Systems: Orthodontic Treatment of an Adult Patient. Gulhane Medical Journal, 55(3), 224. https://doi.org/10.5455/gulhane.14370
Kaya, D., & Taner, T. U. (2011). Management of an Adult with Spaced Dentition, Class III Malocclusion and Open-bite Tendency. European Journal of Dentistry, 05(01), 121–129. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1698868
Kharbanda, O. P. (2019). Orthodontics Diagnosis of & Management of Malocclusion & Dentofacial Deformities (Third edition). Elsevier India.
Khattab, T. Z., Farah, H., Al-Sabbagh, R., Hajeer, M. Y., & Haj-Hamed, Y. (2013). Speech Performance and Oral Impairments with Lingual and Labial Orthodontic Appliances in the First Stage of Fixed Treatment. The Angle Orthodontist, 83(3), 519–526. https://doi.org/10.2319/073112-619.1
Lam, R. (2016). Epidemiology and Outcomes of Traumatic Dental Injuries: A Review of the Literature. Australian Dental Journal, 61, 4–20. https://doi.org/10.1111/adj.12395
Lathrop-Marshall, H., Keyser, M. M. B., Jhingree, S., Giduz, N., Bocklage, C., Couldwell, S., Edwards, H., Glesener, T., Moss, K., Frazier-Bowers, S., Phillips, C., Turvey, T., Blakey, G., White, R., Mielke, J., Zajac, D., & Jacox, L. A. (2022). Orthognathic Speech Pathology: Impacts of Class III Malocclusion on Speech. European Journal of Orthodontics, 44(3), 340–351. https://doi.org/10.1093/ejo/cjab067
Leavy, K. M., Cisneros, G. J., & LeBlanc, E. M. (2016). Malocclusion and Its Relationship to Speech Sound Production: Redefining the Effect of Malocclusal Traits on Sound Production. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, 150(1), 116–123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajodo.2015.12.015
Leck, R., Paul, N., Rolland, S., & Birnie, D. (2022). The Consequences of Living with a Severe Malocclusion: A Review of the Literature. Journal of Orthodontics, 49(2), 228–239. https://doi.org/10.1177/14653125211042891
Long, H., Zhou, Y., Pyakurel, U., Liao, L., Jian, F., Xue, J., Ye, N., Yang, X., Wang, Y., & Lai, W. (2013). Comparison of Adverse Effects Between Lingual and Labial Orthodontic Treatment: A Systematic Review. The Angle Orthodontist, 83(6), 1066–1073. https://doi.org/10.2319/010113-2.1
Mogren, Å., Havner, C., Westerlund, A., Sjögreen, L., Agholme, M. B., & Mcallister, A. (2022). Malocclusion in Children with Speech Sound Disorders and Motor Speech Involvement: A Cross-Sectional Clinical Study in Swedish Children. European Archives of Paediatric Dentistry, 23(4), 619–628. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40368-022-00728-4
Paley, J. S., Cisneros, G. J., Nicolay, O. F., & LeBlanc, E. M. (2016). Effects of Fixed Labial Orthodontic Appliances on Speech Sound Production. The Angle Orthodontist, 86(3), 462–467. https://doi.org/10.2319/052415-351.1
Papageorgiou, S. N., Gölz, L., Jäger, A., Eliades, T., & Bourauel, C. (2016). Lingual Vs. Labial Fixed Orthodontic Appliances: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Treatment Effects. European Journal of Oral Sciences, 124(2), 105–118. https://doi.org/10.1111/eos.12250
Rai, A. K., Rozario, J. E., & Ganeshkar, S. V. (2014). Comparison of Speech Performance in Labial and Lingual Orthodontic Patients: A Prospective Study. Dental Research Journal, 11(6), 663–675.
Rai, A., Rozario, J., & Ganeshkar, S. (2013). Parametric and Nonparametric Assessment of Speech Changes in Labial and Lingual Orthodontics: A Prospective Study. APOS Trends in Orthodontics, 3(4), 99. https://doi.org/10.4103/2321-1407.117376
Ramanarayanan, V., Tilsen, S., Proctor, M., Töger, J., Goldstein, L., Nayak, K. S., & Narayanan, S. (2018). Analysis of Speech Production Real-Time MRI. Computer Speech & Language, 52, 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csl.2018.04.002
Redford, M. A. (Ed.). (2015). The Handbook of Speech Production. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118584156
Vallino, L. D., & Tompson, B. (1993). Perceptual Characteristics of Consonant Errors Associated with Malocclusion. Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, 51(8), 850–856. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0278-2391(10)80101-6
Weismer, G., & Brown, D. K. (2019). Introduction to Communication Sciences and Disorders: The Scientific Basis of Clinical Practice. Plural Publishing, Incorporated. https://books.google.co.id/books?id=hPnCDwAAQBAJ
Yamaguchi, H., Tanaka, Y., Sueishi, K., Sebata, M., Uchiyama, T., Saito, C., & Sigematsu, T. (1994). Changes in Oral Functions and Muscular Behavior Due to Surgical Orthodontic Treatment. The Bulletin of Tokyo Dental College, 35(1), 41–49.
Zhao, Z., Lim, Y., Byrd, D., Narayanan, S., & Nayak, K. S. (2021). Improved 3D Real‐Time MRI of Speech Production. Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, 85(6), 3182–3195. https://doi.org/10.1002/mrm.28651
Alhazmi, W. (2022). Mouth Breathing and Speech Disorders: A Multidisciplinary Evaluation Based on the Etiology. Journal of Pharmacy And Bioallied Sciences, 14(5), 911. https://doi.org/10.4103/jpbs.jpbs_235_22
Anant, N., Motghare, R., Yadav, P., & Mohammed, A. (2022). Preventive Pediatric Dentistry. Book Rivers. https://books.google.co.id/books?id=wSxfEAAAQBAJ
Araujo, E., & Buschang, P. H. (Eds.). (2016). Recognizing and Correcting Developing Malocclusions: A Problem-Oriented Approach to Orthodontics. Wiley Blackwell.
Assaf, D. D. C., Knorst, J. K., Busanello-Stella, A. R., Ferrazzo, V. A., Berwig, L. C., Ardenghi, T. M., & Marquezan, M. (2021). Association Between Malocclusion, Tongue Position and Speech Distortion in Mixed-Dentition Schoolchildren: An Epidemiological Study. Journal of Applied Oral Science, 29, e20201005. https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-7757-2020-1005
Baghbadorani, E. A., & Roohani, A. (2014). The Impact of Strategy-based Instruction on L2 Learners’ Persuasive Writing. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 98, 235–241. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.03.412
Bourzgui, F. (2015). Issues in Contemporary Orthodontics. IntechOpen. https://books.google.co.id/books?id=ommQDwAAQBAJ
Brzezińska-Zając, A., Sycińska-Dziarnowska, M., Spagnuolo, G., Szyszka-Sommerfeld, L., & Woźniak, K. (2023). Candida Species in Children Undergoing Orthodontic Treatment with Removable Appliances: A Pilot Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(6), 4824. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20064824
Chandrashekhar, S., Bommangoudar, J. S., Shetty, S., & Sidral, S. (2020). Pedodontists Role in Managing Speech Impairments Due to Structural Imperfections and Oral Habits: A Literature Review. International Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry, 13(1), 85–90. https://doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10005-1745
Chen, J., Wan, J., & You, L. (2018). Speech and Orthodontic Appliances: A Systematic Literature Review. European Journal of Orthodontics, 40(1), 29–36. https://doi.org/10.1093/ejo/cjx023
Damasceno Melo, P. E., Bocato, J. R., De Castro Ferreira Conti, A. C., Siqueira De Souza, K. R., Freire Fernandes, T. M., De Almeida, M. R., & Pedron Oltramari, P. V. (2021). Effects of Orthodontic Treatment with Aligners and Fixed Appliances on Speech: The Angle Orthodontist, 91(6), 711–717. https://doi.org/10.2319/110620-917.1
De Felippe, N. L. O., Da Silveira, A. C., Viana, G., & Smith, B. (2010). Influence of Palatal Expanders on Oral Comfort, Speech, and Mastication. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, 137(1), 48–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajodo.2008.01.023
Doshi, U. H., & Bhad-Patil, W. A. (2011). Speech Defect and Orthodontics: A Contemporary Review. Orthodontics: The Art and Practice of Dentofacial Enhancement, 12(4), 340–353.
Eslamian, L., & Leilazpour, A. P. (2006). Tongue to Palate Contact During Speech in Subjects with and Without a Tongue Thrust. The European Journal of Orthodontics, 28(5), 475–479. https://doi.org/10.1093/ejo/cjl020
Fant, G. (1971). Acoustic Theory of Speech Production: With Calculations based on X-Ray Studies of Russian Articulations. DE GRUYTER. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110873429
Giegerich, H. J. (1992). English Phonology: An Introduction (1st ed.). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139166126
Gracco, V. L., Tremblay, P., & Pike, B. (2005). Imaging Speech Production Using fMRI. NeuroImage, 26(1), 294–301. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.01.033
Granath, L., & McHugh, W. D. (Eds.). (2021). Systemized Prevention of Oral Disease Theory and Practice. CRC Press.
Guenther, F. H. (2016). Neural Control of Speech. The MIT Press. https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/10471.001.0001
Gurudatta, N. S., Kamble, R. H., Sangtani, J. K., John, Z. A., Ahuja, M. M., & Khakhar, P. G. (2021). Discomfort, Expectations and Experiences during Treatment of Class II Malocclusion with Clear Block and Twin Block Appliance—A Pilot Survey. Journal of Evolution of Medical and Dental Sciences, 10(15), 1064–1068. https://doi.org/10.14260/jemds/2021/227
Harini, R., Thailavathy, V., & Kannan, M. S. (2020). Speech and Malocclusion-a Review. European Journal of Molecular & Clinical Medicine, 7(8), 1815–1818.
Hiremath, S. S. (2011). Textbook of Preventive and Community Dentistry. Elsivier India.
Hitos, S. F., Arakaki, R., Solé, D., & Weckx, L. L. M. (2013). Oral Breathing and Speech Disorders in Children. Jornal de Pediatria, 89(4), 361–365. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jped.2012.12.007
Hixon, T. J., Weismer, G., & Hoit, J. D. (2018). Preclinical Speech Science: Anatomy, Physiology, Acoustics, and Perception, Third Edition. Plural Publishing, Incorporated. https://books.google.co.id/books?id=SDFtDwAAQBAJ
Hoit, J. D., & Weismer, G. (2016). Foundations of Speech and Hearing: Anatomy and Physiology. Plural Publishing, Incorporated. https://books.google.co.id/books?id=5ipBDwAAQBAJ
Inglehart, M. R., & Bagramian, R. (Eds.). (2002). Oral Health-Related Quality of Life. Quintessence Pub.
Karacay, S., Yildirim, E., Bengi, O., & Ortakoglu, K. (2013). Correction of Protruded Incisors by Rapid Tooth Distalization and Skeletal Anchorage Systems: Orthodontic Treatment of an Adult Patient. Gulhane Medical Journal, 55(3), 224. https://doi.org/10.5455/gulhane.14370
Kaya, D., & Taner, T. U. (2011). Management of an Adult with Spaced Dentition, Class III Malocclusion and Open-bite Tendency. European Journal of Dentistry, 05(01), 121–129. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1698868
Kharbanda, O. P. (2019). Orthodontics Diagnosis of & Management of Malocclusion & Dentofacial Deformities (Third edition). Elsevier India.
Khattab, T. Z., Farah, H., Al-Sabbagh, R., Hajeer, M. Y., & Haj-Hamed, Y. (2013). Speech Performance and Oral Impairments with Lingual and Labial Orthodontic Appliances in the First Stage of Fixed Treatment. The Angle Orthodontist, 83(3), 519–526. https://doi.org/10.2319/073112-619.1
Lam, R. (2016). Epidemiology and Outcomes of Traumatic Dental Injuries: A Review of the Literature. Australian Dental Journal, 61, 4–20. https://doi.org/10.1111/adj.12395
Lathrop-Marshall, H., Keyser, M. M. B., Jhingree, S., Giduz, N., Bocklage, C., Couldwell, S., Edwards, H., Glesener, T., Moss, K., Frazier-Bowers, S., Phillips, C., Turvey, T., Blakey, G., White, R., Mielke, J., Zajac, D., & Jacox, L. A. (2022). Orthognathic Speech Pathology: Impacts of Class III Malocclusion on Speech. European Journal of Orthodontics, 44(3), 340–351. https://doi.org/10.1093/ejo/cjab067
Leavy, K. M., Cisneros, G. J., & LeBlanc, E. M. (2016). Malocclusion and Its Relationship to Speech Sound Production: Redefining the Effect of Malocclusal Traits on Sound Production. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, 150(1), 116–123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajodo.2015.12.015
Leck, R., Paul, N., Rolland, S., & Birnie, D. (2022). The Consequences of Living with a Severe Malocclusion: A Review of the Literature. Journal of Orthodontics, 49(2), 228–239. https://doi.org/10.1177/14653125211042891
Long, H., Zhou, Y., Pyakurel, U., Liao, L., Jian, F., Xue, J., Ye, N., Yang, X., Wang, Y., & Lai, W. (2013). Comparison of Adverse Effects Between Lingual and Labial Orthodontic Treatment: A Systematic Review. The Angle Orthodontist, 83(6), 1066–1073. https://doi.org/10.2319/010113-2.1
Mogren, Å., Havner, C., Westerlund, A., Sjögreen, L., Agholme, M. B., & Mcallister, A. (2022). Malocclusion in Children with Speech Sound Disorders and Motor Speech Involvement: A Cross-Sectional Clinical Study in Swedish Children. European Archives of Paediatric Dentistry, 23(4), 619–628. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40368-022-00728-4
Paley, J. S., Cisneros, G. J., Nicolay, O. F., & LeBlanc, E. M. (2016). Effects of Fixed Labial Orthodontic Appliances on Speech Sound Production. The Angle Orthodontist, 86(3), 462–467. https://doi.org/10.2319/052415-351.1
Papageorgiou, S. N., Gölz, L., Jäger, A., Eliades, T., & Bourauel, C. (2016). Lingual Vs. Labial Fixed Orthodontic Appliances: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Treatment Effects. European Journal of Oral Sciences, 124(2), 105–118. https://doi.org/10.1111/eos.12250
Rai, A. K., Rozario, J. E., & Ganeshkar, S. V. (2014). Comparison of Speech Performance in Labial and Lingual Orthodontic Patients: A Prospective Study. Dental Research Journal, 11(6), 663–675.
Rai, A., Rozario, J., & Ganeshkar, S. (2013). Parametric and Nonparametric Assessment of Speech Changes in Labial and Lingual Orthodontics: A Prospective Study. APOS Trends in Orthodontics, 3(4), 99. https://doi.org/10.4103/2321-1407.117376
Ramanarayanan, V., Tilsen, S., Proctor, M., Töger, J., Goldstein, L., Nayak, K. S., & Narayanan, S. (2018). Analysis of Speech Production Real-Time MRI. Computer Speech & Language, 52, 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csl.2018.04.002
Redford, M. A. (Ed.). (2015). The Handbook of Speech Production. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118584156
Vallino, L. D., & Tompson, B. (1993). Perceptual Characteristics of Consonant Errors Associated with Malocclusion. Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, 51(8), 850–856. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0278-2391(10)80101-6
Weismer, G., & Brown, D. K. (2019). Introduction to Communication Sciences and Disorders: The Scientific Basis of Clinical Practice. Plural Publishing, Incorporated. https://books.google.co.id/books?id=hPnCDwAAQBAJ
Yamaguchi, H., Tanaka, Y., Sueishi, K., Sebata, M., Uchiyama, T., Saito, C., & Sigematsu, T. (1994). Changes in Oral Functions and Muscular Behavior Due to Surgical Orthodontic Treatment. The Bulletin of Tokyo Dental College, 35(1), 41–49.
Zhao, Z., Lim, Y., Byrd, D., Narayanan, S., & Nayak, K. S. (2021). Improved 3D Real‐Time MRI of Speech Production. Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, 85(6), 3182–3195. https://doi.org/10.1002/mrm.28651
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