The Winding Road to Return to the Beauty of Indonesian Multiculturalism: A Discourse Analysis of ‘Back to Nagari’ in the Regional Autonomy Policy in West Sumatra
Main Article Content
Keywords
Indonesia, multiculturalism, Minangkabau, regional autonomy, nagari
Abstract
The plurality of Indonesia with more than 600 ethnics is a great wealth but has not been adequately rewarded. Various political, legal, and socio-cultural events have resulted in the degradation of diversity from a colorful mosaic to a blur. This article analyzes the discourse of ‘return to nagari’ based on texts of national commitments and policies on decentralization, West Sumatra’s local policies on the lowest government ‘nagari’, and public responses on them. The methods had been used are literature study and field research, which are analyzed based on the technique of discourse analysis which included text, context, and social practice. The findings are the policy on decentralization is still inconsistent, and the construction of the regional government’s policy based on local culture has not been ideal and operational formulated yet. In fact, it is not easy to return to indigenous culture as roots the Beauty of Indonesia’s Multiculturalism. This finding reflects the critical implication of the discursive practice that shows the awareness of actor’s membership in their culture that leads them to make clear cultural-political attitudes in relation to the state. The position of their cultural traditions is threatened and our position is to mobilize them to revive, maintain, keep, consolidate and revitalize their cultural identity.
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References
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https://nasional.kompas.com/read/2019/04/13/16191631/jokowi-pancasila-nkri-bhinneka-tunggal-ika-uud-1945-harga-mati.
Jorgensen, Marianne & Louise Phillips. 2002. Discourse Analysis as Theory and Method. London-Thousand Oaks-New Delhi: SAGE Publications.
Kahin, Audrey. 2005. Dari Pemberontakan ke Integrasi [From Rebelium to Integration]. Jakarta: Yayasan Obor Indonesia.
Kato, Tsuyoshi. 1978. ‘Change and Continuity in the Minangkabau Matrilineal System.’ Indonesia, 25: 1-16
Kato, Tsuyoshi. 1989. Different Fields, ‘Similar Locusts: Adat Communities and the Village Law of 1979 in Indonesia.’ Indonesia, No. 47: 89-114.
Kayam, Umar. 1989. Transformasi Budaya Kita [Tranforming Our Culture]. Jakarta: The Library of Congress Office.
Keddie, Nikki R. 1987. ‘Islam and Society in Minangkabau and in the Middle East: Comparative Reflections.’ Sojourn: Journal of Social Issues in Southeast Asia 2 (1), 1-30.
Kielstra, E. B. 1887. ‘Sumatra’s Westkust Van 1819—1825’. Bijdragen Tot De Taal-, Land- En Volkenkunde Van Nederlandsch-Indië. 36 (1): 7-163.
Koentjaraningrat. 1993. Masalah Kesukubangsaan dan Integrasi Nasional [The Issues of Ethnicity and National Integration]. Jakarta: Universitas Indonesia Press.
Laclau E. & Mouffe C. 1985 [2001]. Hegemony and Socialist Strategy: Towards a Radical Democratic Politics. London: Verso.
Local Regulation of West Sumatra Province Number 9/2000 Regarding the Basic Provision of the Nagari Governance; Local Regulation of West Sumatra Province Number 2/2007 Regarding the Essence of the Nagari Governance; Local Regulation of West Sumatra Province Number 7/2018 Regarding the Nagari
Manan, Imran. 2003. Nagari Pra-Kolonial, Nagari Dalam Perspektif Sejarah [Pre-Colonial Nagari, Magari in Historical Perspective]. Lentera 21.
Mansyur, M.D. dkk. 1970. Sejarah Minangkabau [Minangkabau History]. Jakarta: Brathara.
Marsden, W. 1870. A History of Sumatra. Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press.
McCarthy, John F. 2005. ‘Between Adat and State: Institutional Arrangements on Sumatra’s Forest Frontier.’ Human Ecology, 33 (1): 57-82;
Navis, A. A. 1984. Alam Terkembang Jadi Guru, Adat dan Kebudayaan Minangkabau [Nature Expands to be a Teacher: The Minangkabau Customs and Culture]. Jakarta: Grafitipers. p. 91-92.
Nordholt, Henk Schulte. 2007. Bali: An Open Fortress. In Renegotiating Boundaries; Local Politics in post-Suharto Indonesia, edited by H. Schulte Nordholt, and G. van Klinken, 387416. Leiden: KITLV Press.
Oki, Akira. 1977. Social Change in the West Sumatra Village: 1908-1945. Dissertation Ph.D. on Toronto University.
Sawirman, Sawirman. 2017. ‘Anti-Language, War on Discourse, Agrolinguistic Case, and Museum of Palm Oil in Indonesia.’ International Journal of Linguistics, Literature and Culture. 3 (5): 72~82.
Sawirman, Sawirman. 2020. ‘Small Farmers’ Discourses on Oil Palm Problems and Some Suggested Policies.’ Palarch’s Journal of Archaeology of Egypt/ Egyptology 17 (7): 8766- 8791.
Saydam, Gouzali. 2009. 55 Tokoh Indonesia Asal Minangkabau di Pentas Nasional. Bandung: Al Fabeta.
Scollo, Michelle. 2011. ‘Cultural approaches to discourse analysis: A theoretical and methodological conversation with special focus on Donal Carbaugh’s Cultural Discourse Theory,’ Journal of Multicultural Discourses, 6 (1): 1-32, doi: 10.1080/17447143.2010.536550.
Shi-xu, 2005. A cultural approach to discourse. New York: Palgrave Macmillan;
Shi-xu. 2006. ‘Researching multicultural discourses’. Journal of Multicultural Discourses. 1 (1): 1–5.
Shi-xu. 2009. ‘Reconstructing Eastern paradigms of discourse studies,’ Journal of Multicultural Discourses, 4 (1): 29-48, doi: 10.1080/17447140802651637.
The Constitution of The Rupublic of Indoneisia Number 22/1999 Regarding the Regional Government
The Constitution of The Rupublic of Indoneisia Number 23/2014 Regarding the Regional Government
The Constitution of The Rupublic of Indoneisia Number 32/2004 Regarding the Regional Government
The Script of the 1945 Basic Constitution of The Republic of Indonesia
Tirtosudarmo, Riwanto. 2007. Mencari Indonesia: Demografi Politik Pasca Soeharto [Looking for Indonesia: The Post-Soeharto Political Demographics]. Jakarta: LIPI Press.
Tokawa, Kenji. 2015. ‘Indigenous legal traditions and Canadian Bhinneka Tunggal Ika: Indonesian lessons for legal pluralism in Canada,’ The Journal of Legal Pluralism and Unofficial Law. Doi: 10.1080/07329113.2015.1072387.
Vel, J.A.C. and A.W. Bedner. 2015. ‘Decentralisation and village governance in Indonesia: the return to the nagari and the 2014 Village Law.’ The Journal of Legal Pluralism and Unofficial Law, 47 (3): 493-507, doi: 10.1080/07329113.2015.1109379.
Warman, Kurnia. 2010. Hukum Agraria dalam Masyarakat Majemuk: Dinamika Interaksi Hukum Adat dan Hukum Negara di Sumatera Barat [Agrarian law in a pluralistic society: the dynamics of interaction between customary and state law in West Sumatra]. Jakarta: HuMa; Beckmann, 2013 op.cit.
Westenenk. 1918. ‘De Inlandsche Bestuurshoofden ter Sumatra’s Westkust’, KT 2: 673-693, 828-846 [accessed May 15 2021].
Zed, Mestika, Eddy Utama, and Hasril Chaniago. 1998. Sumatera Barat di Panggung Sejarah 1945–1995 [West Sumatra on the stage of history 1945–1995]. Jakarta: Pustaka Sinar Harapan.
Zed, Mestika. 1996. Nagari Minangkabau, dan Pengaruh Sistem Kolonial [The Nagari of Minangkabau, and the Influence of the Colonial System]. Genta Budaya 3 (I). Padang: Yayasan genta Budaya.
Abdullah, Taufik. 1966. ‘Adat and Islam: An Examination of Conflict in Minangkabau. Indonesia’ 2: 1-24. Ithaca: Cornell.
Ajisman. 2011. Biografi Beberapa Tokoh Sumatra Barat. Padang: BPSNT Padang Press.
Alisyahbana, Sutan Takdir. 1988. Kebudayaan Sebagai Perjuangan [Culture as Struggle]. Jakarta: PT Dian Rakyat.
Ardika, I Wayan. 2004. ‘Bukti-Bukti Arkeologi Terbentuknya Akar Multikulturalisme’ [Archaeological Evidence of the Formation of the Roots of Multiculturalism] in I Wayan Ardika dan Darma Putra (Ed.) Politik Kebudayaan dan Identitas Etnik [Political Culture and Ethnic Identity], Denpasar: Fakultas Sastra Universitas Udayana dan Balimangsi Press.
Arifin, Zainal. 2017. ‘Nagari Ba Ampek Suku: Politicisation Of Mythical Origins Of Minangkabau.’ The Eastern Antropologist. Vol. 70, No 1-2: 177-189.
Azwar, Welhendri, Yulizal Yunus, Muliono, and Yuli Permatasari. 2018. ‘Nagari Minangkabau: The Study of Indigenous Institutions in West Sumatra, Indonesia’. Jurnal Bina Praja.10 (2): 231-239. doi: 10.21787/jbp.10.2018.231-239.
Azwar, Welhendri, Muliono, Yuli Permatasari, Huriyatul Akmal, Syamsul Ibrar, and Melisa. 2019. ‘Nagari Customary Justice Sistem in West Sumatra.’ Jurnal Bina Praja (Journal of Home Affairs Gevernance). 11 (1): 53-62. doi: 10.21787/jbp.11.2019.53-62.
Azwar, Welhendri, Hasanuddin, Muliono, Yuli Permatasari, Mufti Ulil Amri and Yurisman. 2020. ‘The Models of Nagari Indigenous Governments in West Sumatra.’ Jurnal Bina Praja 12 (1): 33-42. doi: 10.21787/jbp.12.2020.33-42.
Bahar, Saafroeddin dan Ir. Mohammad Zulfan Tajoeddin, 2004. Masih Ada Harapan, Posisi Sebuah Etnik Minoritas dalam Hidup Berbangsa dan Bernegara [There is Still Hope, The Position of an Athnic Minority in the Life of the Nation and State]. Jakarta: Yayasan Sepuluh Agustus.
Beckmann, Franz von Benda- and Keebet von Benda-Beckmann. 2013. Political and Legal Transformations of an Indonesian Polity: The Nagari from Colonization to Decentralization. London: Cambridge University Press.
Beckmann, Franz von Benda. 1979. Property in Social Continuity: Continuity and Change in the Maintenance of Property Relationships through Time in Minangkabau, West Sumatra. Published by: Brill Stable.
Beckmannn, Franz Benda & Keebet von Benda-Beckmannn. 2006. ‘Changing One is Changing All: Dynamics in the Adat-Islam-State Triangle.’ The Journal of Legal Pluralism and Unofficial Law, 38: 239-270, doi: 10.1080/07329113.2006.10756604
BPS 2015. ‘Statistik Indonesia, Mengulik Data Suku di Indonesia’ [Statistics Indonesia, The Studying of Tribal Data in Indonesia], https://www.bps.go.id/news/2015/11/18/127/mengulik-data-suku-di-indonesia.html (accessed May 16 2021).
Chadwick, R. J. 1991 ‘Matrilineal Inheritance and Migration in a Minangkabau Community’. Indonesia, no. 51, 47-81. doi: 10.2307/3351065.
Chaniago, Hasril. 2010. 101 Orang Minang di Pentas Sejarah. Yayasan Citra Budaya Indonesia.
de Jong, P. E. De Joselin. 1960. Minangkabau and Negeri Sembilan: Sosio Political Structure in Indonesia [Minangkabau and Negeri Sembilan: The Socio Political Structure in Indonesia]. Djakarta: Bhratara.
Dobbin, Christine. 1977. ‘Economic Change in Minangkabau as a Factor in the Rise of the Padri Movement, 1784-1830.’ Indonesia, 23: 1-38. doi: 10.2307/335088.
Fairclough, N. 1993. ‘Critical discourse analysis and the marketization of public discourse: the universities’, Discourse and Society, 4(2): 133–168.
Fairclough, N. 1995. Critical Discourse Analysis. London: Longman. p.135.
Fay, Brian. 2002. Filsafat Ilmu Sosial Kontemporer [Philosophy of Contemporary Social Sciense]. Yogyakarta: Penerbit Jendela. p.345
Gee, James Paul. 2016. ‘Discourse analysis matters: bridging frameworks,’ Journal of Multicultural Discourses, DOI: 10.1080/17447143.2016.1226316
Geertz, Hildred. 1981. Aneka Budaya dan Komunitas di Indonesia [The Various Cultures and Communities in Indonesia]. Jakarta: Yayasan Ilmu-Ilmu Sosial dan FIS – UI.
Gonggong, Anhar. 2002. Indonesia, Demokrasi, dan Masa Depan [Indonesia, Democracy and the Future]. Jogjakarta: Komunitas Ombak.
Hasanuddin. 20119. in S.S Handoko, Aslinda and Sawirman 2019. The Problem of Slogan ‘Think Globally, Act Locally’. In Proceeding of the 13th International Conference on Malaysia-Indonesia Relations (PAHMI). Sciendo, pp. 10-15. doi: 10.2478/9783110680003-003.
Hasanuddin. 2017. Adat dan Syarak: Sumber Inspirasi dan Rujukan Nilai Dialektika Minangkabau [Customs and Religion: the Sources of Inspiration and Reference for Minangkabau Dialectical Values]. http://carano.pustaka.unand.ac.id/index.php/car/catalog/book/10
Hasanuddin. 2018. Wacana Etnik dalam Multikulturalisme Indonesia: Dinamika Adaptif Diaspora Minangkabau di Bali [The Ethnic Discourse in Indonesian Multiculturalism: Adaptive Dynamics of the Minangkabau Diaspora in Bali]. Padang: Erka
Hasbi, Mohammad. 1990. ‘Intervensi Negara Terhadap Komunitas Nagari di Minangkabau’ [State Intervention Against Community in Minangkabau]. In Mohammad Hasbi et al. (Ed.) Nagari, Desa, dan Pembangunan Pedesaan di Sumatera Barat [Nagari, Villages, and Rural Development in West Sumatra]. Padang: Yayasan Genta Budaya Sumatera Barat.
https://nasional.kompas.com/read/2019/04/13/16191631/jokowi-pancasila-nkri-bhinneka-tunggal-ika-uud-1945-harga-mati.
Jorgensen, Marianne & Louise Phillips. 2002. Discourse Analysis as Theory and Method. London-Thousand Oaks-New Delhi: SAGE Publications.
Kahin, Audrey. 2005. Dari Pemberontakan ke Integrasi [From Rebelium to Integration]. Jakarta: Yayasan Obor Indonesia.
Kato, Tsuyoshi. 1978. ‘Change and Continuity in the Minangkabau Matrilineal System.’ Indonesia, 25: 1-16
Kato, Tsuyoshi. 1989. Different Fields, ‘Similar Locusts: Adat Communities and the Village Law of 1979 in Indonesia.’ Indonesia, No. 47: 89-114.
Kayam, Umar. 1989. Transformasi Budaya Kita [Tranforming Our Culture]. Jakarta: The Library of Congress Office.
Keddie, Nikki R. 1987. ‘Islam and Society in Minangkabau and in the Middle East: Comparative Reflections.’ Sojourn: Journal of Social Issues in Southeast Asia 2 (1), 1-30.
Kielstra, E. B. 1887. ‘Sumatra’s Westkust Van 1819—1825’. Bijdragen Tot De Taal-, Land- En Volkenkunde Van Nederlandsch-Indië. 36 (1): 7-163.
Koentjaraningrat. 1993. Masalah Kesukubangsaan dan Integrasi Nasional [The Issues of Ethnicity and National Integration]. Jakarta: Universitas Indonesia Press.
Laclau E. & Mouffe C. 1985 [2001]. Hegemony and Socialist Strategy: Towards a Radical Democratic Politics. London: Verso.
Local Regulation of West Sumatra Province Number 9/2000 Regarding the Basic Provision of the Nagari Governance; Local Regulation of West Sumatra Province Number 2/2007 Regarding the Essence of the Nagari Governance; Local Regulation of West Sumatra Province Number 7/2018 Regarding the Nagari
Manan, Imran. 2003. Nagari Pra-Kolonial, Nagari Dalam Perspektif Sejarah [Pre-Colonial Nagari, Magari in Historical Perspective]. Lentera 21.
Mansyur, M.D. dkk. 1970. Sejarah Minangkabau [Minangkabau History]. Jakarta: Brathara.
Marsden, W. 1870. A History of Sumatra. Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press.
McCarthy, John F. 2005. ‘Between Adat and State: Institutional Arrangements on Sumatra’s Forest Frontier.’ Human Ecology, 33 (1): 57-82;
Navis, A. A. 1984. Alam Terkembang Jadi Guru, Adat dan Kebudayaan Minangkabau [Nature Expands to be a Teacher: The Minangkabau Customs and Culture]. Jakarta: Grafitipers. p. 91-92.
Nordholt, Henk Schulte. 2007. Bali: An Open Fortress. In Renegotiating Boundaries; Local Politics in post-Suharto Indonesia, edited by H. Schulte Nordholt, and G. van Klinken, 387416. Leiden: KITLV Press.
Oki, Akira. 1977. Social Change in the West Sumatra Village: 1908-1945. Dissertation Ph.D. on Toronto University.
Sawirman, Sawirman. 2017. ‘Anti-Language, War on Discourse, Agrolinguistic Case, and Museum of Palm Oil in Indonesia.’ International Journal of Linguistics, Literature and Culture. 3 (5): 72~82.
Sawirman, Sawirman. 2020. ‘Small Farmers’ Discourses on Oil Palm Problems and Some Suggested Policies.’ Palarch’s Journal of Archaeology of Egypt/ Egyptology 17 (7): 8766- 8791.
Saydam, Gouzali. 2009. 55 Tokoh Indonesia Asal Minangkabau di Pentas Nasional. Bandung: Al Fabeta.
Scollo, Michelle. 2011. ‘Cultural approaches to discourse analysis: A theoretical and methodological conversation with special focus on Donal Carbaugh’s Cultural Discourse Theory,’ Journal of Multicultural Discourses, 6 (1): 1-32, doi: 10.1080/17447143.2010.536550.
Shi-xu, 2005. A cultural approach to discourse. New York: Palgrave Macmillan;
Shi-xu. 2006. ‘Researching multicultural discourses’. Journal of Multicultural Discourses. 1 (1): 1–5.
Shi-xu. 2009. ‘Reconstructing Eastern paradigms of discourse studies,’ Journal of Multicultural Discourses, 4 (1): 29-48, doi: 10.1080/17447140802651637.
The Constitution of The Rupublic of Indoneisia Number 22/1999 Regarding the Regional Government
The Constitution of The Rupublic of Indoneisia Number 23/2014 Regarding the Regional Government
The Constitution of The Rupublic of Indoneisia Number 32/2004 Regarding the Regional Government
The Script of the 1945 Basic Constitution of The Republic of Indonesia
Tirtosudarmo, Riwanto. 2007. Mencari Indonesia: Demografi Politik Pasca Soeharto [Looking for Indonesia: The Post-Soeharto Political Demographics]. Jakarta: LIPI Press.
Tokawa, Kenji. 2015. ‘Indigenous legal traditions and Canadian Bhinneka Tunggal Ika: Indonesian lessons for legal pluralism in Canada,’ The Journal of Legal Pluralism and Unofficial Law. Doi: 10.1080/07329113.2015.1072387.
Vel, J.A.C. and A.W. Bedner. 2015. ‘Decentralisation and village governance in Indonesia: the return to the nagari and the 2014 Village Law.’ The Journal of Legal Pluralism and Unofficial Law, 47 (3): 493-507, doi: 10.1080/07329113.2015.1109379.
Warman, Kurnia. 2010. Hukum Agraria dalam Masyarakat Majemuk: Dinamika Interaksi Hukum Adat dan Hukum Negara di Sumatera Barat [Agrarian law in a pluralistic society: the dynamics of interaction between customary and state law in West Sumatra]. Jakarta: HuMa; Beckmann, 2013 op.cit.
Westenenk. 1918. ‘De Inlandsche Bestuurshoofden ter Sumatra’s Westkust’, KT 2: 673-693, 828-846 [accessed May 15 2021].
Zed, Mestika, Eddy Utama, and Hasril Chaniago. 1998. Sumatera Barat di Panggung Sejarah 1945–1995 [West Sumatra on the stage of history 1945–1995]. Jakarta: Pustaka Sinar Harapan.
Zed, Mestika. 1996. Nagari Minangkabau, dan Pengaruh Sistem Kolonial [The Nagari of Minangkabau, and the Influence of the Colonial System]. Genta Budaya 3 (I). Padang: Yayasan genta Budaya.
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May 10, 2023
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Hasanuddin, H., Azwar, W., Akmal, A., & Handoko, H. (2023). The Winding Road to Return to the Beauty of Indonesian Multiculturalism: A Discourse Analysis of ‘Back to Nagari’ in the Regional Autonomy Policy in West Sumatra. JURNAL ARBITRER, 10(1), 35–50. https://doi.org/10.25077/ar.10.1.35-50.2023
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