Like Animals Like Human Beings: An Ecocritical Metaphor Discourse of Leadership in Selected Poems of Niyi Osundare
Main Article Content
Keywords
Eco-poetry, metaphor, transitivity, animal, leadership
Abstract
Niyi Osundare extensively investigates the natural world, which is the habitat inhabited by nonhuman beings, in his poems. As a result, his poetry is referred to as eco-poetry. There have been a lot of studies of Niyi Osundare’s poetry that have focused on traditional aesthetics, political power, exile, and the African experience, but not enough studies that have looked at the leadership of animals in their natural habitats. The main sources of information for the study are Niyi Osundare’s The Leader and the Led and Random Blues. This study examined the animal metaphor in relation to leadership from the viewpoints of Lakoff and Johnson’s conceptual metaphor theory and Michael Halliday’s transitivity theory. Four main participant and process categories are identified by the data as being present in the poems, with the Material and Relational processes having the largest frequency distributions (62.98% and 22.22%, respectively). This large proportion indicates both the ongoing activity in the African continent and the significant demands that people are under in their desire to rule the biosphere. The the low occurrence of verbal and mental processes in followers (11.11% and 7.40%, respectively) suggests that both animal and human leadership aspirants are more interested in what followers do than followers are. Also, the findings revealed the metaphorical representation of each animal thus: serpent(complacence), leeches and lice (parasite), orangutans (class), beasts (hard labor), crocodile (betrayal), hive (defense), lion (subjugation), antelopes/impalas (fright), hyena (glutton), giraffe (nonchalance), zebra (duplicity), elephant (destruction), warthog (ugliness), rhino (violence), snake (anarchy), lamb (peace), tiger (aggression), doe (compassion). Overall, the study concluded that we need leaders and followers who are similar to lambs and does for harmonious cohabitation in the ecosystem.
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References
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Croney, C., & Reynnells, R. (2008). The ethics of semantics: do we clarify or obfuscate reality to influence perceptions of farm animal production? Poultry Science 87(2), 387-91.
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Haugen, E. (1972). The ecology of language. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Haugen, E. (1971). The ecology of language. The Linguistic Reporter, 13(1), 19-26.
Jimoh, R. & Odetade, I. O. (2016). A Socio-Stylistic Analysis of Niyi Osundare’s Blues for the New Senate King. International Journal of English Language and Linguistics Research, 4 (1), 45-52.
He, W., and R. Wei. (2017). Guoji Shengtai Huayu De Neihan Ji Yanjiu Luxiang [Definition and Research Method of International Ecological Discourse]. Foreign Languages Research5,18–24.
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Jolayemi, D. (2003). Stylistics in theory and practice. Niyi Osundare as a master metaphorist: a case study of Village Voices. Ed. Adebayo Lawal. Paragon Books. p. 231- 242.
Koroliova, V., Grechenko, V., Kovalchuk, M., Samoilenko, V., Shevchenko, T., &
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Lakoff, G., & Johnson, M. (2003). Metaphors we live by, 2nd edn. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Lipovsky, C. (2006). Candidates’ negotiation of their expertise in job interviews. Journal of Pragmatics, 38(8), 1147-1174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2005.05.007
Li, E. S. H. (2007). a systemic functional grammar of Chinese. London: Continuum.
Long, R. J., & Peng. X.W. ( 2012). Xiandai Hanyu Jiwuxing Yanjiu [On Transitivity of Modern Chinese]. Beijing: Peking University Press.
Long, R. J. (1981). Transitivity in Chinese. MA Thesis, Sydney: University of Sydney.
Mehmet, M. I., & Clarke, R. J. (2016). B2B social media semantics: Analyzing multimodal online meanings in marketing conversations. Industrial Marketing Management, 54, 92-106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indmarman.2015.12.006
Mortensen, L. (1992). A transitivity analysis of discourse in dementia of the Alzheimer’s type. Journal of Neurolinguistics, 7(4), 309-321. https://doi.org/10.1016/0911-6044(92)90021-N
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Nash, J. (2015). Place names and ecolinguistics some considerations for toponymists. Arbeiten aus Anglistik und Amerikanistik, 40,(1-2), 68-71.
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Nwagbara, U. (2008). Political power and intellectual activism in Tanure Ojaide’s The Activist. African Nebula, (5)4,225-253.
Ojaruega, E. Eseoghene. (2015).The place of Urhobo folklore in Tanure Ojaide’s Poetry. Tydskrifvir Letterkunde, 52(2), 138-158.
Oyeniyi, Okunoye (2011).Writing resistance: Dissidence and visions of healing on Nigerian Poetry of the Military Era. Tydskrifvir Letterkunde, 41(1), 64-85.
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Tsaaior, T. James. (2011). Exile, exilic consciousness and the poetic imagination in Tanure Ojaide’s Poetry. Tydskrif vir Letterkunde,41(1), 98-109.
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Thompson, G. (2013). Introducing functional grammar. Routledge.
Ullmann, S. (1977). Semantics: an introduction to the science of meaning. London: Oxford.
Uhl-Bien, M., Riggio, R, Low, K., & Carsten, M. (2014). Followership theory: A review and research agenda. Leadership Quarterly, 25, 83-104.
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Zhang, C. H., & G. W. Huang. 2019. Xitonglun, Xi Tong Gongneng Yuyanxue Yu Shengtai Yuyanxue [Systems Theory, Systemic Functional Linguistics and Ecolinguistics]. Foreign Languages in China 5, 43–50.
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Addo, E. N. (2015). Analysis of Sensual and Sensuous Imagery as Vehicle for the Messages in Niyi Osundare’s Nature Poems in The Eye of the Earth. International Journal of Multidisciplinary Academic Research 3,(1), pp.28-42.
Alabi, O.S. (2021). Between the praise and defense of nature: An eco-critical discourse of Niyi Osundare and Tanure Ojaide’s eco-poetry. Int.J.Lang. and Cult. 1(2) (2021) 1-7. https://doi.org/10.51483/IJLC.1.2.2021.1-7
Alexander, R., & Stibbe, A. (2014). From the analysis of ecological discourse to the ecological analysis of discourse. Language Sciences.
Anyokwu, C. C. (2013). Sound semiotics of Osundare’s poetry. CLCWeb: Comparative Literature and Culture, 15(1), 13 . https://doi.org/10.7771/1481-4374.1994.
Bamigboye, O. (2019). A stylistic reading of selected poems from Niyi Osundare’s A City without People. Theory and Practice in Language Studies, 9(9), 1081-1087. doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.17507/tpls.0909.03
Bloor, T., & Bloor, M. (2004). The functional analysis of English (2nd edn). London: Arnold.
Burns, R. (1786). Poems, Chiefly in the Scottish dialect. University of Michigan. J. M’Kie.
Croney, C., & Reynnells, R. (2008). The ethics of semantics: do we clarify or obfuscate reality to influence perceptions of farm animal production? Poultry Science 87(2), 387-91.
Caffarel, A., Martin, J. R., & Matthiessen, C. M. I. M. (2004). language typology: A functional perspective. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing.
Cheng, Q. L. (1994). An introduction to systemic functional grammar. Shantou: Shantou University Press.
Couto, H. H. (2015). Ecological discourse analysis ecological/ecoystemic discourse analysis (EDA). Ecosystemic linguistics. Retrieved from ecosystemic linguistics.blogspot.com/2015/11/ecological-discourse-analysis-eda.html
Couto, H. H. (2013). O que vem a ser ecolinguística, afinal? [What is ecolinguistics, after all?].Retrievefromresearchgate.net/publication/292486603_What_is_ecolinguistics_after_all
Daniel, I.O. (2016). Metaphors as Discourse Strategies in Osundare’s Poetry. International Journal of Humanities and Cultural Studies .
Dick, T. O. (2015). Patterns of deviation in Niyi Osundare’s Poetry. Mgbakoigba: Journal of African Studies, 4,(1), 1-12.
Ebim, M.A. (2016). An eco-linguistic study of media depictions of oil spillage in Ogoni land. Language & Ecology. www.ecoling.net/articles.
Fill, A. (2020). From environmental thinking to ‘con-vironmental’ awareness. AAA: Arbeiten aus Anglistik und Amerikanistik, 45(2), pp. 239-246.Narr Francke Attempto Verlag GmbH Co. KG. https:/doi10.2357/AAA-2020-0022
Fill, A. (1998). Ecolinguistics – State of the Art 1998. AAA – Arbeiten aus Anglistik und Amerikanistik 23 (1): 3–16.
Fontaine, L. (2012). Analysing English grammar: A systemic functional introduction. Cambridge University Press.
Goatly, Andrew (2000). Critical reading and Writing: An introductory course book. London: Routledge.
Haeckel, E. (1866). Generelle morphologie der organismen. Berlin: G. Reimer.
Halliday, M. A. (2020). Linguistic function and literary style: An inquiry into the language of William Golding’s The Inheritors. In The Language and Literature Reader (pp. 19-28).Routledge.
Halliday, M. A. K., & Matthiessen, C. M. (2013). Halliday’s introduction to functional grammar.Routledge.
Halliday, M. (2001). New ways of meaning: the challenge to applied linguistics. In Alwin, F & P, Mühlhäusler (Eds.) The Ecolingusitics Reader. London: Continuum, 175-202.
Halliday, M. A. (1995). Systemic theory. In Concise History of the Language Sciences (pp. 272- 276). Pergamon. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08- 042580-1.50048-9
Halliday, M. A. K. (1994). An introduction to functional grammar. 2nd ed. London: Edward Arnold.
Halliday, M. A. (1993). Towards a language-based theory of learning. Linguistics and Education, 5(2), 93-116. https://doi.org/10.1016/0898-5898(93)90026-7
Halliday, M.A.K. (1990). New ways of meaning: A challenge to applied linguistics. Journal of Applied Linguistics,(6), 7-36.
Halliday, M. A. (1970). Language structure and language function. New horizons in linguistics, 1, 140-165.
Harré, R. (1999). Green speak: A study of environmental discourse. London: Sage.
Haugen, E. (2001). The ecology of language, in A. Fill & P. Mühlhäusler (Eds.), The Ecolinguistics Reader Language Ecology and Environment (pp: 57-66).
He, W., R. J. Zhang, F. Zhang, X. H. Dan, & R. Wei. (2017). Hanyu Gongneng Yuyi Fenxi Functional Semantic Analysis of Chinese. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.
Haugen, E. (1972). The ecology of language. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Haugen, E. (1971). The ecology of language. The Linguistic Reporter, 13(1), 19-26.
Jimoh, R. & Odetade, I. O. (2016). A Socio-Stylistic Analysis of Niyi Osundare’s Blues for the New Senate King. International Journal of English Language and Linguistics Research, 4 (1), 45-52.
He, W., and R. Wei. (2017). Guoji Shengtai Huayu De Neihan Ji Yanjiu Luxiang [Definition and Research Method of International Ecological Discourse]. Foreign Languages Research5,18–24.
He, W., & Zhang, R.J. (2017). Shengtai Huayu Fenxi Moshi Goujian: An ecological analysis framework for discourse]. Foreign Languages in China 5, 56–64.
Huang, G. W. (2017). Cong Xitong Gongneng Yuyanxue Dao Shengtai Yuyanxue [From Systemic Functional Linguistics to Ecolinguistics]. Foreign Language Education 5, 1–7.
Hu, Z. L., Y. S. Zhu, D. L. Zhang, and Z. Z. Li. 2005. Xitong Gongneng Yuyanxue Daolun [An Introduction to Systemic Functional Linguistics]. Beijing: Peking University Press.
Jolayemi, D. (2003). Stylistics in theory and practice. Niyi Osundare as a master metaphorist: a case study of Village Voices. Ed. Adebayo Lawal. Paragon Books. p. 231- 242.
Koroliova, V., Grechenko, V., Kovalchuk, M., Samoilenko, V., Shevchenko, T., &
Kovesces, Z. (2010). Metaphor: A practical introduction. 2nd edn. New York: Oxford University Press.
Lakoff, G., & Johnson, M. (2003). Metaphors we live by, 2nd edn. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Lipovsky, C. (2006). Candidates’ negotiation of their expertise in job interviews. Journal of Pragmatics, 38(8), 1147-1174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2005.05.007
Li, E. S. H. (2007). a systemic functional grammar of Chinese. London: Continuum.
Long, R. J., & Peng. X.W. ( 2012). Xiandai Hanyu Jiwuxing Yanjiu [On Transitivity of Modern Chinese]. Beijing: Peking University Press.
Long, R. J. (1981). Transitivity in Chinese. MA Thesis, Sydney: University of Sydney.
Mehmet, M. I., & Clarke, R. J. (2016). B2B social media semantics: Analyzing multimodal online meanings in marketing conversations. Industrial Marketing Management, 54, 92-106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indmarman.2015.12.006
Mortensen, L. (1992). A transitivity analysis of discourse in dementia of the Alzheimer’s type. Journal of Neurolinguistics, 7(4), 309-321. https://doi.org/10.1016/0911-6044(92)90021-N
Morley, G. D. (2000). Syntax in functional grammar: An introduction to lexicogrammar in systemic linguistics. A & C Black.
Mühlhäusler, P., & Peace, A. (2006). Environmental discourses. Annual Review of Anthropology, 35(1), 457-479.
Mühlhäusler, P., & Mühlhäusler, P. (2003). Language of Environment: Environment of Language: A Course in Ecolinguistics. London: Battlebridge Publications.
Mühlhäusler, P., & Fill, A. (2001). The ecolinguistics reader language ecology and environment. London: Continuum.
Nash, J. (2015). Place names and ecolinguistics some considerations for toponymists. Arbeiten aus Anglistik und Amerikanistik, 40,(1-2), 68-71.
Nwagbara, U. (2010). Poetics of resistance: Ecocritical reading of Ojaide’s Delta Blues & Home Songs and Home Song and Daydream of Ants and Other Poems. African Study Monographs,31(1), 17-30.
Nwagbara, U. (2008). Political power and intellectual activism in Tanure Ojaide’s The Activist. African Nebula, (5)4,225-253.
Ojaruega, E. Eseoghene. (2015).The place of Urhobo folklore in Tanure Ojaide’s Poetry. Tydskrifvir Letterkunde, 52(2), 138-158.
Oyeniyi, Okunoye (2011).Writing resistance: Dissidence and visions of healing on Nigerian Poetry of the Military Era. Tydskrifvir Letterkunde, 41(1), 64-85.
Parkwell, C. (2019). Emoji as social semiotic resources for meaning-making in discourse: Mapping the functions of the toilet emoji in Cher’s tweets about Donald Trump.Discourse, Context & Media, 30, 100307. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dcm.2019.100307
Pradhana, N. I., & Oeinada, I. G. (2021). Comparative analysis: to and ni as case particles in Japanese. Linguistics and Culture Review, 5(1), 104-114. https://doi.org/10.37028/lingcure.v5n1.1029
Simpson, P. (2004). Stylistics: A resource book for students. Psychology Press, London and New York: Routledge.
Stibbe, A. (2014). An ecolinguistic approach to critical discourse studies. Critical Discourse Studies, 11(1), 117- 128. https://doi.org/10.1080/17405904.2013.845789 18.
Stibbe, A. (2015). Ecolinguistics, Language, ecology and the stories we live. Routledge.
Stibbe, A. (2012). Animals erased: discourse, ecology and reconnection with the natural world. Middleton, CT: Wesleyan University Press
Stibbe, A. (2004). Masculinity, health and ecological destruction in Language and Ecology. Available@ https://www.ecoling.net/articles
Tsaaior, T. James. (2011). Exile, exilic consciousness and the poetic imagination in Tanure Ojaide’s Poetry. Tydskrif vir Letterkunde,41(1), 98-109.
Taverniers, M. (2005). Subjecthood and the notion of instantiation. Language Sciences, 27(6), 651-678. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.langsci.2005.07.003
Thompson, G. (2013). Introducing functional grammar. Routledge.
Ullmann, S. (1977). Semantics: an introduction to the science of meaning. London: Oxford.
Uhl-Bien, M., Riggio, R, Low, K., & Carsten, M. (2014). Followership theory: A review and research agenda. Leadership Quarterly, 25, 83-104.
Zaitseva, V. (2021). Information and communication activity of students when writing a course work on linguistics. Linguistics and Culture Review, 5(1), 115-128. https://doi.org/10.37028/lingcure.v5n1.1062
Zhang, C. H., & G. W. Huang. 2019. Xitonglun, Xi Tong Gongneng Yuyanxue Yu Shengtai Yuyanxue [Systems Theory, Systemic Functional Linguistics and Ecolinguistics]. Foreign Languages in China 5, 43–50.
Zhang, R. J.,& W. He, W. (2018). Shengtai Yuyanxue Shijiao Xia De Renji Yiyi Xitong [Interpersonal Meaning System Viewed from an Ecolinguistic Perspective]. Foreign Languages and Their Teaching 2: 99–108.
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Oct 10, 2023
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Onipede, F. M., & Abioye, G. A. (2023). Like Animals Like Human Beings: An Ecocritical Metaphor Discourse of Leadership in Selected Poems of Niyi Osundare. Jurnal Arbitrer, 10(3), 239–249. https://doi.org/10.25077/ar.10.3.239-249.2023
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