Quantifying Nature in Tourism Discourse: A Corpus-ecolinguistic Perspective
Main Article Content
Keywords
Appraisal, corpus, ecolinguistics, environment, quantification, tourism
Abstract
Nature or the physical environment is strategically presented as a compelling attraction to persuade tourists to visit a country, including Indonesia. While previous studies investigated tourism promotion from persuasive devices like metaphors and adjectives, this study takes a different trajectory by investigating the language of attitudes, identified explicitly from the Graduation, in tourism promotion discourse. This study built a specific corpus compiled from articles promoting nature on the official website of Indonesian tourism (OWIT). Using Sketch Engine and Wmatrix5, this study aims to identify 1) the types of nature offered on the Indonesian tourism promotion website, 2) quantification and its grammatical realization used in the promotion, and 3) attitudes amplified from the graduation strategy. Findings reveal that Indonesian tourism is promoted mainly by its topography, flora and fauna, nature-based activity, and weather and climate. Graduation is realized through diverse grammatical realizations, such as the specific and non-specific numerals and infused amounts, in order to quantify nature’s values/ numbers, extent, and mass/ presence. The concordance study indicates that upscaling quantification emphasizes Indonesia’s natural beauty and richness, while downscaling quantification promotes the endangered species in Indonesia’s national parks. From an ecological lens, the Graduation is employed to amplify readers’ Appreciation of the country’s valuation and composition. Quantification has also been proven to be a productive persuasive device in tourism promotion that functions to materialize and commodify nature. Notwithstanding the corpus size, this study contributes to tourism promotion discourse and ecolinguistics studies.
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References
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Faoziah, M. F., & Yuwono, U. (2020). The appraisal system in Greenpeace food campaigns. Pertanika Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, 28(4), 3089–3108. https://doi.org/10.47836/pjssh.28.4.33
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Isti’anah, A. (2019). Appreciation for Raja Ampat in the official website of Indonesian tourism: ecolinguistic study. Fifth Prasasti International Seminar on Linguistics (PRASASTI 2019).
Isti’anah, A. (2020a). Indonesian tourism discourse on www.indonesia.travel: mood analysis. Langkawi: Journal of The Association for Arabic and English, 6(2), 114. https://doi.org/10.31332/lkw.v0i0.1850
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Kheovichai, B. (2014). Evaluative language in online product advertising discourse. Veridian E-Journal,Silpakorn University (Humanities, Social Sciences and Arts), 7(5), Article 5.
Kilgarriff, A., Baisa, V., Bušta, J., Jakubíček, M., Kovář, V., Michelfeit, J., Rychlý, P., & Suchomel, V. (2014). The Sketch Engine: ten years on. Lexicography, 1(1), 7–36. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40607-014-0009-9
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Koerner, B., Sushartami, W., & Spencer, D. M. (2023). An assessment of tourism policies and planning in Indonesia. Tourism Recreation Research, 0(0), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1080/02508281.2023.2214030
Krisnawati, E., Darsono, H., Amalia, R. M., Sujatna, E. T. S., & Pamungkas, K. (2021). Metaphors in Indonesian nature tourism discourse: disclosing cognition about nature. Pertanika Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, 29(4), 2469–2482. https://doi.org/10.47836/pjssh.29.4.21
Kristina, D. (2018). Multimodal branding of Indonesian online promotional discourse in hospitality industries. Proceedings of the Fourth Prasasti International Seminar on Linguistics (Prasasti 2018). Fourth Prasasti International Seminar on Linguistics (Prasasti 2018), Surakarta, Indonesia. https://doi.org/10.2991/prasasti-18.2018.4
Lehecka, T. (2015). Collocation and colligation. In J.-O. Östman & J. Verschueren (Eds.), Handbook of Pragmatics. John Benjamins Publishing Company. https://doi.org/10.1075/hop.19.col2
Mahiroh, G., & Fazaalloh, A. M. (2019). Analisis hubungan sektor pariwisata terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi Indonesia. Jurnal Ilmiah Mahasiswa FEB, 7(2), Article 2. https://jimfeb.ub.ac.id/index.php/jimfeb/article/view/5683
Martin, J. R., & White, P. R. R. (2005). The language of evaluation appraisal in English. Palgrave Macmillan.
Mühlhäusler, P. (1999). Metaphor and metonymy in environmental advertising. AAA: Arbeiten Aus Anglistik Und Amerikanistik, 24(2), 167–180.
Mühlhäusler, P. (2003). Language of environment, environment of language: A course in ecolinguistics. Battlebridge.
Mun’im, A. (2021). Measuring the economic contribution of tourism: an improvement in Indonesia. Proceedings of 2021 International Conference on Data Science and Official Statistics (ICDSOS), 559–567. https://proceedings.stis.ac.id/icdsos/article/view/187
Poole, R. (2016). A corpus-aided ecological discourse analysis of the Rosemont Copper Mine debate of Arizona, USA. Discourse and Communication, 10(6), 576–595. Scopus. https://doi.org/10.1177/1750481316674775
Poole, R. (2018). Ecolinguistics, GIS, and corpus linguistics for the analysis of the Rosemont Copper Mine debate. Environmental Communication, 12(4), 525–540. https://doi.org/10.1080/17524032.2016.1275735
Poole, R. (2022). Corpus-assisted ecolinguistics. Bloomsbury Academic.
Rajandran, K. (2016). Corporate involvement brings environmental improvement: the language of disclosure in Malaysian CSR reports. Social Responsibility Journal, 12(1), 130–146.
Rayson, P. (2009). Wmatrix: A web-based corpus processing environment. Computing Department, Lancaster University. http://ucrel.lancs.ac.uk/wmatrix/
Salim, M. A. M. (2017). Enhancing destination image on tourism brochure of Barru Regency Sulawesi Selatan, Indonesia: a tourism discourse perspective. Tourism: An International Interdisciplinary Journal, 65(2), 12.
Salim, M. A. M., & Som, A. P. M. (2018). Shaping tourist destinations through language and visual elements on tourism websites: a tourism discourse perspective. International Journal of Engineering & Technology, 7(4.34), Article 4.34. https://doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.34.27387
Sapir, E. (1912). Language and environment. The Ecolinguistics Reader: Language, Ecology, and Environment, 14(2), 13–23.
Stamou, A. G., & Paraskevopoulos, S. (2008). Representing protection action in an ecotourism setting: A critical discourse analysis of visitors’ books at a Greek reserve. Critical Discourse Studies, 5(1), 35–54. https://doi.org/10.1080/17405900701768620
Stepins, K. V. (2022). A cross-linguistic study of metaphor variation in promotional discourse of the tourist sector in Spanish, English and German: Implications for translation [Http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text, Universitat Politècnica de València]. https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/tesis?codigo=308606
Stibbe, A. (2014). An ecolinguistic approach to critical discourse studies. Critical Discourse Studies, 11(1), 117–128. https://doi.org/10.1080/17405904.2013.845789
Stibbe, A. (2015). Ecolinguistics: language, ecology and the stories we live by. Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group.
Suhandano, S., Isti’anah, A., & Febrina, R. (2023). Contesting “growth” and “sustainability” in Indonesia’s capital city relocation: A corpus ecolinguistic study. RESEARCH RESULT Theoretical and Applied Linguistics, 9(3). https://doi.org/10.18413/2313-8912-2023-9-3-0-5
Thomas, J. (2017). Discovering English with Sketch Engine: a corpus-based approach to language exploration (Second edition, updated). Versatile.
Thu, D. Q. A. (2021). Adjectives in destination promotion texts. Indonesian Journal of EFL and Linguistics, 6(1), 187. https://doi.org/10.21462/ijefl.v6i1.354
Trčková, D. (2016). Representation of nature in ecotourism advertisements. Discourse and Interaction, 9(1), 79. https://doi.org/10.5817/DI2016-1-79
Walker, C. P. (2011). A corpus-based study of the linguistic features and processes which influence the way collocations are formed: some implications for the learning of collocations. TESOL Quarterly, 45(2), 291–312.
Wu, G. (2018). Official websites as a tourism marketing medium: a contrastive analysis from the perspective of appraisal theory. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 10, 164–171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2018.09.004
Almutairi, B. A. A. (2021). Towards estimating global probabilities of evaluation in English based on automatic extraction of least delicate Appraisal in large corpora. Language Sciences, 88, 101432. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.langsci.2021.101432
Baker, P., & McEnery, T. (Eds.). (2015). Corpora and discourse studies. Palgrave Macmillan UK. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137431738
Bhatia, V. K. (1993). Analysing genre: Language use in professional settings. Longman.
Castro, M. B., & Faber, P. (2014, July 15). Ecolexicon. Proceedings of the 16th EURALEX International Congress: The User in Focus. http://www.eurac.edu/en/research/institutes/multilingualism/Publications
Chiou, W.-C., Lin, C.-C., & Perng, C. (2011). A strategic website evaluation of online travel agencies. Tourism Management, 32(6), 1463–1473. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2010.12.007
Dang, T. K. P. (2023). Green nature or green fantasies: representations of ecotourism in Vietnam. Sustainability, 15(5), Article 5. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15054601
do Couto, H. H. (2014). Ecological approaches in linguistics: a historical overview. Language Sciences, 41, 122–128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.langsci.2013.08.001
Fan, C. (2020). An analysis of English news reports from the perspective of graduation. Theory and Practice in Language Studies, 10(12), 1634. https://doi.org/10.17507/tpls.1012.18
Faoziah, M. F., & Yuwono, U. (2020). The appraisal system in Greenpeace food campaigns. Pertanika Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, 28(4), 3089–3108. https://doi.org/10.47836/pjssh.28.4.33
Gong, H. (2019). A Corpus-based critical ecological discourse analysis of corporate annual environmental reports: China Three Gorges corporation as an example [University of Helinski]. https://helda.helsinki.fi/handle/10138/309104
Grouin, C. (2008). Certification and cleaning up of a text corpus: towards an evaluation of the “Grammatical” quality of a corpus. Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC’08), 1083–1090. http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/280_paper.pdf
Hallett, R. W., & Kaplan-Weinger, J. (2010). Official tourism websites: A discourse analysis perspective. Channel View Publications.
Halliday, M. A. K. (1990). New ways of meaning: the challenge to applied linguistics. The Ecolinguistics Reader: Language, Ecology and Environment, 175–202.
Hasibuan, I. M., Mutthaqin, S., Erianto, R., & Harahap, I. (2023). Kontribusi sektor pariwisata terhadap perekonomian nasional. Jurnal Masharif Al-Syariah: Jurnal Ekonomi Dan Perbankan Syariah, 8(2), Article 2. https://doi.org/10.30651/jms.v8i2.19280
Heriyanto, H., Manggong, L., & Sujatna, E. T. (2020). Linguistic constructions as cognitive representations in the metaphors of tourism advertorials: a case study on Indonesian tourism promotion. American Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Research (AJHSSR), 4(1), 182–187.
Isti’anah, A. (2019). Appreciation for Raja Ampat in the official website of Indonesian tourism: ecolinguistic study. Fifth Prasasti International Seminar on Linguistics (PRASASTI 2019).
Isti’anah, A. (2020a). Indonesian tourism discourse on www.indonesia.travel: mood analysis. Langkawi: Journal of The Association for Arabic and English, 6(2), 114. https://doi.org/10.31332/lkw.v0i0.1850
Isti’anah, A. (2020b). (Re)evaluating language attitudes on Indonesian tourism website: A study on ecolinguistics. Studies in English Language and Education, 7(2), Article 2. https://doi.org/10.24815/siele.v7i2.16683
Isti’anah, A., Febrina, R., Suhandano, S., Winarti, D., Sutrisno, A., & Jumanto, J. (2023). Big data, computer, and technology in language studies: the potentials of Sketch Engine in Indonesia’s research. 2023 International Seminar on Application for Technology of Information and Communication (iSemantic), 46–51. https://doi.org/10.1109/iSemantic59612.2023.10295357
Isti’anah, A., & Suhandano, S. (2022). Appraisal patterns used on the Kalimantan tourism website: an ecolinguistics perspective. Cogent Arts & Humanities, 9(1), 2146928. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311983.2022.2146928
Jaworska, S. (2017). Metaphors we travel by: a corpus-assisted study of metaphors in promotional tourism discourse. Metaphor and Symbol, 32(3), 161–177. https://doi.org/10.1080/10926488.2017.1338018
Kheovichai, B. (2014). Evaluative language in online product advertising discourse. Veridian E-Journal,Silpakorn University (Humanities, Social Sciences and Arts), 7(5), Article 5.
Kilgarriff, A., Baisa, V., Bušta, J., Jakubíček, M., Kovář, V., Michelfeit, J., Rychlý, P., & Suchomel, V. (2014). The Sketch Engine: ten years on. Lexicography, 1(1), 7–36. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40607-014-0009-9
Kline, C. S., & Slocum, S. L. (2015). Neoliberalism in ecotourism? The new development paradigm of multinational projects in Africa. Journal of Ecotourism, 14(2–3), 99–112. https://doi.org/10.1080/14724049.2015.1023731
Koerner, B., Sushartami, W., & Spencer, D. M. (2023). An assessment of tourism policies and planning in Indonesia. Tourism Recreation Research, 0(0), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1080/02508281.2023.2214030
Krisnawati, E., Darsono, H., Amalia, R. M., Sujatna, E. T. S., & Pamungkas, K. (2021). Metaphors in Indonesian nature tourism discourse: disclosing cognition about nature. Pertanika Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, 29(4), 2469–2482. https://doi.org/10.47836/pjssh.29.4.21
Kristina, D. (2018). Multimodal branding of Indonesian online promotional discourse in hospitality industries. Proceedings of the Fourth Prasasti International Seminar on Linguistics (Prasasti 2018). Fourth Prasasti International Seminar on Linguistics (Prasasti 2018), Surakarta, Indonesia. https://doi.org/10.2991/prasasti-18.2018.4
Lehecka, T. (2015). Collocation and colligation. In J.-O. Östman & J. Verschueren (Eds.), Handbook of Pragmatics. John Benjamins Publishing Company. https://doi.org/10.1075/hop.19.col2
Mahiroh, G., & Fazaalloh, A. M. (2019). Analisis hubungan sektor pariwisata terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi Indonesia. Jurnal Ilmiah Mahasiswa FEB, 7(2), Article 2. https://jimfeb.ub.ac.id/index.php/jimfeb/article/view/5683
Martin, J. R., & White, P. R. R. (2005). The language of evaluation appraisal in English. Palgrave Macmillan.
Mühlhäusler, P. (1999). Metaphor and metonymy in environmental advertising. AAA: Arbeiten Aus Anglistik Und Amerikanistik, 24(2), 167–180.
Mühlhäusler, P. (2003). Language of environment, environment of language: A course in ecolinguistics. Battlebridge.
Mun’im, A. (2021). Measuring the economic contribution of tourism: an improvement in Indonesia. Proceedings of 2021 International Conference on Data Science and Official Statistics (ICDSOS), 559–567. https://proceedings.stis.ac.id/icdsos/article/view/187
Poole, R. (2016). A corpus-aided ecological discourse analysis of the Rosemont Copper Mine debate of Arizona, USA. Discourse and Communication, 10(6), 576–595. Scopus. https://doi.org/10.1177/1750481316674775
Poole, R. (2018). Ecolinguistics, GIS, and corpus linguistics for the analysis of the Rosemont Copper Mine debate. Environmental Communication, 12(4), 525–540. https://doi.org/10.1080/17524032.2016.1275735
Poole, R. (2022). Corpus-assisted ecolinguistics. Bloomsbury Academic.
Rajandran, K. (2016). Corporate involvement brings environmental improvement: the language of disclosure in Malaysian CSR reports. Social Responsibility Journal, 12(1), 130–146.
Rayson, P. (2009). Wmatrix: A web-based corpus processing environment. Computing Department, Lancaster University. http://ucrel.lancs.ac.uk/wmatrix/
Salim, M. A. M. (2017). Enhancing destination image on tourism brochure of Barru Regency Sulawesi Selatan, Indonesia: a tourism discourse perspective. Tourism: An International Interdisciplinary Journal, 65(2), 12.
Salim, M. A. M., & Som, A. P. M. (2018). Shaping tourist destinations through language and visual elements on tourism websites: a tourism discourse perspective. International Journal of Engineering & Technology, 7(4.34), Article 4.34. https://doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.34.27387
Sapir, E. (1912). Language and environment. The Ecolinguistics Reader: Language, Ecology, and Environment, 14(2), 13–23.
Stamou, A. G., & Paraskevopoulos, S. (2008). Representing protection action in an ecotourism setting: A critical discourse analysis of visitors’ books at a Greek reserve. Critical Discourse Studies, 5(1), 35–54. https://doi.org/10.1080/17405900701768620
Stepins, K. V. (2022). A cross-linguistic study of metaphor variation in promotional discourse of the tourist sector in Spanish, English and German: Implications for translation [Http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text, Universitat Politècnica de València]. https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/tesis?codigo=308606
Stibbe, A. (2014). An ecolinguistic approach to critical discourse studies. Critical Discourse Studies, 11(1), 117–128. https://doi.org/10.1080/17405904.2013.845789
Stibbe, A. (2015). Ecolinguistics: language, ecology and the stories we live by. Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group.
Suhandano, S., Isti’anah, A., & Febrina, R. (2023). Contesting “growth” and “sustainability” in Indonesia’s capital city relocation: A corpus ecolinguistic study. RESEARCH RESULT Theoretical and Applied Linguistics, 9(3). https://doi.org/10.18413/2313-8912-2023-9-3-0-5
Thomas, J. (2017). Discovering English with Sketch Engine: a corpus-based approach to language exploration (Second edition, updated). Versatile.
Thu, D. Q. A. (2021). Adjectives in destination promotion texts. Indonesian Journal of EFL and Linguistics, 6(1), 187. https://doi.org/10.21462/ijefl.v6i1.354
Trčková, D. (2016). Representation of nature in ecotourism advertisements. Discourse and Interaction, 9(1), 79. https://doi.org/10.5817/DI2016-1-79
Walker, C. P. (2011). A corpus-based study of the linguistic features and processes which influence the way collocations are formed: some implications for the learning of collocations. TESOL Quarterly, 45(2), 291–312.
Wu, G. (2018). Official websites as a tourism marketing medium: a contrastive analysis from the perspective of appraisal theory. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 10, 164–171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2018.09.004
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Jun 29, 2024
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Isti’anah, A., Suhandano, S., & Winarti, D. (2024). Quantifying Nature in Tourism Discourse: A Corpus-ecolinguistic Perspective. JURNAL ARBITRER, 11(2), 172–185. https://doi.org/10.25077/ar.11.2.172-185.2024
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Author Biography
Arina Isti'anah, Universitas Sanata Dharma
Assistant professor in linguistics