Arabic Loanwords in Kamus Dewan Perdana: Questions of Etymology, Word Class and Definition
Main Article Content
Keywords
Arabic loanwords, Malay language, Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, dictionary, etymology, Kamus Dewan Perdana
Abstract
Kamus Dewan Perdana (KDP) is the largest and most complete dictionary of the Malay language (ML) and is the latest edition of the Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka (DBP), which targets ML native speakers and non-native speakers who are proficient in using ML. This study aims to identify Arabic loanwords (AL) in KDP and analyse questions of their entry regarding the aspects of etymology, word class, and definition from the perspective of users and researchers by using Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA) as the methodology. The findings of this study found a total of 2847 entries of AL in KDP, which include 66% labelled Arabic (Ar) and 34% unlabelled. This study also found seven questions regarding AL entries in the KDP from the aspects of etymology, word class, and definition. Three questions arise from the etymological aspect, namely, (1) the inconsistent omission of etymological labelling, (2) the differences in terms of etymological labelling between KDP and Kamus Dewan Edisi Keempat (KDE4), and (3) justification for the source language information of the loanword placed at the end of the entry in the KDP; a question arises from the aspect of word class, which is the inconsistency in word class labelling for AL expression entries; and three questions from the aspect of definition, namely (1) the inaccuracy in the definition of homonymous word variations in KDP, (2) the absence of definition of the AL entries in the KDP and (3) the deletion of AL entry in the KDP. The results of this study serve as user feedback, which contributed to DBP as the body responsible for improving the compilation of KDP as well as other dictionaries such as Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia (KBBI), Cambridge Advanced Learner’s Dictionary (CALD), Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English New Edition (LDCENE), Oxford English Dictionaries (OED), and Concise Oxford English Dictionaries (COED). This improvement will in turn be able to provide complete vocabulary information to the user community, both among native speakers and non-native speakers.
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References
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Abdullah, I., Ahmad, Z., Abdullah, I. H., Ahmad, Z., & Hassan, A. T. (2011, March 30-31). Perantauan bangsa Arab ke alam Melayu: Kesannya terhadap percambahan kata pinjaman Arab-Melayu. [Paper presentation]. International Seminar on Merantau: Imagining Migration in the Malay World, Frankfurt, Germany. https://discol.umk.edu.my/id/eprint/8995
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Ahmad, I. (2015). Asas ilmu perkamusan Melayu. Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.
Al-Attas, S. M. N. (2022). Islam dalam sejarah dan kebudayaan Melayu. Penerbit Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia.
Almarwaey, A. O., & Ahmad, U. K. (2021). Semantic change of hijab, halal and Islamist from Arabic to English. 3L: Language, Linguistics, Literature® The Southeast Asian Journal of English Language Studies, 27(2), 161-176. https://doi.org/10.17576/3L-2021-2702-12
Anis, M. Y., & Arifuddin, A. (2023). Comparative Analysis of Arabic-Indonesian and Arabic-English Translation Techniques in The Al-Hikam Aphorism. JURNAL ARBITRER, 10(1), 51–65. https://doi.org/10.25077/ar.10.1.51-65.2023
Anwar, F. (2017). Semantic change in language borrowing: The case of Arabic borrowed words in Urdu. Language in India, 17(2), 108-124. https://www.languageinindia.com/feb2017/farheenurdusemanticsfinal.pdf
Artis, A., Bartel-Radic, A., & Haidar, H. (2019). Quantifying qualitative case study research with QCA: Implications and process of the method from the example of a study on inter organizational collaboration. In A. Bartel-Radic (Ed.) Innovative and alternative research methods in economics and business administration (pp.28-45). EIKV.
Beg, M. A. J. (1979). Arabic loan-words in Malay: A comparative study (2nd ed.). University of Malaya Press.
Cambridge Advanced Learner’s Dictionary (4th ed.). (2013). Cambridge University Press.
Collins, J. T. (2023). Kamus dewan perdana: Tinjauan maklumat etimologi. Melayu: Jurnal Antarabangsa Dunia Melayu, 16(2), 209-238. https://doi.org/10.37052/jm.16(2)no3
Concise Oxford English Dictionary (11th ed.). (2006). Oxford University Press.
Danzaki, M. A. (2015). Semantic change in Arabic loanwords in Hasua. In Ghazali, R., Ismail, M. R., Arshad, S. R., & Ahmad, C. W. S. B. C. W. (Eds.), E-proceeding of the 2nd International Conference on Arabic Studies and Islamic Civilization, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (ms. 448-458).
De La Cruz-Cabanillas, I. (2008). Chinese loanwords in the OED. Studia Anglica Posnaniensia, 44, 253-274. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Isabel-De-La-Cruz-Cabanillas/publication/270272032_Chinese_Loanwords_in_the_OED/links/54a3decc0cf256bf8bb1bcc1/Chinese-Loanwords-in-the-OED.pdf
De Schryver, G. M., & Prinsloo, D. J. (2000a). Electronic corpora as a basis for the compilation of African-language dictionaries, Part 1: The macrostructure. South African Journal of African Languages, 20(4), 291-309. https://doi.org/10.1080/02572117.2000.10587437
De Schryver, G. M., & Prinsloo, D. J. (2000b). Dictionary-making process with ‘simultaneous feedback’ from the target users to the compilers. In Ninth EURALEX International Congress (pp. 197-209).
Hassan, H. (2023). Kajian linguistik bersumberkan korpus. Kekuatan dan kelemahannya. PENDETA, 14(1), 23-34. https://doi.org/10.37134/pendeta.vol14.1.fa.2.2023
Hassan, H. (2024). Kamus Dewan Perdana: Persoalan dan penjelasan. Melayu: Jurnal Antarabangsa Dunia Melayu, 17(1), 107-124. https://doi.org/10.37052/jm.17(1)no5
Hasan, M. (2015). Semantic change of words entered into another language through the process of language borrowing: A case study of Arabic words in Bengali. PEOPLE: International Journal of Social Sciences, 1(1), 1375-1390. https://grdspublishing.org/PEOPLE/people.html
Hassan, A. & Mohd, A. (1994). Bahasa Melayu untuk maktab perguruan. Penerbit Fajar Bakti Sdn. Bhd.
Hidayati, A., & Prindyatno, A. A. (2023). Perubahan makna kata serapan bahasa Arab dalam bahasa Indonesia (Kajian ilmu semantik). AliF: Arabic Language in Focus, 1(1), 6-11.
Ilmiatun, N. J. (2022). Perkembangan makna bahasa Arab. Diwan: Jurnal Bahasa dan Sastra Arab, 14(2), 133-143. https://doi.org/10.15548/diwan.v14i2.826
Jaafar, M. F., Zahid, I., & Abu Bakar, N. (2024). Taksonomi kata pinjaman Arab-Melayu dari aspek gramatikal. Issues in Language Studies, 13(1), 356–373. https://doi.org/10.33736/ils.5773.2024
Jalaluddin, N. H., Sarudin, A., & Ahmad, Z. (2012). Peluasan makna alim: Analisis semantik kognitif. GEMA OnlineTM Journal of Language Studies, 12(2), 457-473. https://ir.upsi.edu.my/files/docs/2020/1780_1780.pdf
Jones, R. (2008). Loan-words in Indonesian and Malay. KITLV Press.
Julul, A. A. H., Rahmawati, N. M., Sartini, N. W., & Kwary, D. A. (2019). Semantic adaptations of the Arabic loanwords in the Indonesian language. Mozaik Humaniora, 19(2), 135-147. https://repository.unair.ac.id/124625/
Jumingan, M. F. (2005, June 6-7). Kata pinjaman Arab dalam Kamus Dewan Edisi Ketiga: Satu analisis semantik. [Paper presentation]. Persidangan Antarabangsa Leksikologi dan Leksikografi Melayu, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
Jumingan, M. F. (2011). Ketepatan makna kata pinjaman Arab dalam Kamus Dewan. In Othman, M. A., & Bakar, H. N. (Eds.), Prosiding Kongres Antarabangsa Bahasa dan Budaya Jilid II, Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei (ms. 78-89). Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.
Jumingan, M. F., & Hasbullah, M. (2002). Kata serapan Arab dalam bahasa Melayu: Analisis semantik. In Musanif, A. M., Isin, R@S., & Hassan, H. (Eds.), Monograf Bahasa, Sastera dan Budaya Melayu (ms. 165-176): Jabatan Bahasa Melayu, FBMK Universiti Putra Malaysia.
Kamus besar bahasa Indonesia (3rd ed.). (2001). Pusat Bahasa Departemen Pendidikan Nasional.
Kamus dewan. (1970). Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.
Kamus dewan edisi baharu. (1989). Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.
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Kamus dewan edisi keempat. (2005). Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.
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Kamus dewan perdana. (2021). Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.
Karim, N. S. (2013). Sepintas lalu perkamusan Melayu. Akademi Pengajian Melayu.
Karim, N. S., Onn, F, M., Musa, H., & Mahmood, A. H. (2013). Tatabahasa Dewan Edisi Ketiga. Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.
Legewie, N. (2013). An introduction to applied data analysis with qualitative comparative analysis. Forum: Qualitative Social Research, 14(3), 1-45. https://doi.org/10.17169/fqs-14.3.1961
Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English New Edition. (2009). Pearson Education Limited.
Lubis, M. B. (2014). Kata serapan Arab dalam bahasa Melayu: Perubahan dari segi ejaan Jawi dan makna. Pertanika Journal of MAHAWANGSA 1 (1), 43-59. https://persatuan.upm.edu.my/dokumen/JPMWS_Mahawangsa_Vol_1_(1)_Jun_2014.pdf#page=51
Maiza, Z. (2017). Kata pinjaman bahasa Arab dalam bahasa Minangkabau. FUADUNA: Jurnal Kajian Keagamaan dan Kemasyarakatan, 1(2), 208-236. https://dx.doi.org/10.30983/fuaduna.v1i2.428
Majmaʻ al-Lughah al-ʻArabīyah Majma. (2011). al-Muʻjam al-Wasīt. Maktabah al-Shuruq al-Duwaliyya.
Mansor, I. (2002). Kata pinjaman bahasa Melayu daripada bahasa Arab (A-M): Kajian bandingan dari aspek penggunaan berdasarkan Kamus Dewan dan al-Mu’jam al-Wasit [Unpublished Master’s thesis]. Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia.
Mansor, W. M. S. A. W (2010). Entri agama berlabel “Ar” dalam Kamus Dewan: Satu analisis semantik [Unpublished master’s thesis]. Universiti Malaya.
Musling, M. N. (2021). The semantic change in Arabic loan words in Malay language: Types and reasons. AL- ‘ABQARI, Journal of Islamic Social Sciences and Humanities, 25(1), 244-263. https://doi.org/10.33102/abqari.vol24no2.306
Puspita, D., & Yusuf, K. (2020). Sketching the semantic change of Jahanam and Hijrah: A corpus based approach to manuscripts of Arabic-Indonesian Lexicon. Arabi: Journal of Arabic Studies, 5(1), 1-10. https://dx.doi.org/10.24865/ajas.v5i1.246
Rihoux, B. (2006). Qualitative comparative analysis (QCA) and related systematic comparative methods recent advances and remaining challenges for social science research. International Sociology, 21(5), 679–706. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0268580906067836
Sarudin, A. (2019). Semantik dan Data korpus: Kajian polisemi kata serapan bahasa Arab dalam korpus klasik. In N. S. Karim, N. Jamaludin & A. Sarudin (Eds.), Data korpus dalam kajian linguistik (ms. 147-178). Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.
Totlubok@Hajimaming, P., & Mezah, C. R. (2013, July 3-4). Perubahan makna kata pinjaman Arab: Satu penelitian dalam Kamus Dewan. [Paper presentation]. 4th International Conference of Foreign Languages, Melaka, Malaysia.
Ukhrawiyah, F. (2019). Perubahan makna kosakata bahasa Arab yang diserap ke dalam bahasa Indonesia. Al-Ma’rifah: Journal of Arabic Culture, Language and Literature, 16(2), 132-139. https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/290086405.pdf
Viera, R. T. (2017). Vocabulary knowledge in the production of written texts: A case study on EFL language learners. Revista Tecnológica-ESPOL, 30(3), 89-105. https://rte.espol.edu.ec/index.php/tecnologica/article/view/628
Wilkinson, R. J. (1959). A Malay-English dictionary. Macmillan & Co LTD.
Windstedt, R. O. (1960). Kamus bahasa Melayu. Maricon & Sons.
Yusoff, M. A. (2006). Perkataan Arab dalam bahasa Melayu: Satu tinjauan dari aspek Semantik. Jurnal Usuluddin, 23, 239-254. https://ejournal.um.edu.my/index.php/JUD/article/view/4257/2103
Zahid, I., Abu Bakar, N., Wan Ali, W. Z. K., & Jaafar, M. F. (2024). Pembangunan Prototaip: Peluasan Makna Kata Pinjaman Bahasa Arab dalam Bahasa Melayu. Pertanika Journal of Social Sciences & Humanities (S1): 51-85. https://doi.org/10.47836/pjssh.32.S1.03
Abas, N. A., Sahad, M. N., & Abusahyon, A. S. E (2021). Distorted and limiting semantically divergent translated meaning of Arabic loanwords in the Malay language as educational instrument. Arab World English Journal for Translation & Literary Studies, 5(4) 109-139. https://dx.doi.org/10.24093/awejtls/vol5no4.9
Abdullah, I., Ahmad, Z., Abdullah, I. H., Ahmad, Z., & Hassan, A. T. (2011, March 30-31). Perantauan bangsa Arab ke alam Melayu: Kesannya terhadap percambahan kata pinjaman Arab-Melayu. [Paper presentation]. International Seminar on Merantau: Imagining Migration in the Malay World, Frankfurt, Germany. https://discol.umk.edu.my/id/eprint/8995
Ahmad, I. (2004). Perkembangan perkamusan Melayu: Suatu analisis dari sudut tipologi formal. Jurnal Bahasa, 4(3), 533-553. https://jurnal.dbp.my/index.php/jurnalbahasa/article/view/8618
Ahmad, I. (2010). Cabaran perkamusan Melayu pada abad ke-21. In Abdul Wahid, P. R., Idris, Z., Jaafar, S., Ahmad, I., & Tengku Mohd Ali, T. I. M (Eds.), Cabaran semasa pengajian Melayu (pp. 14-27). Akademi Pengajian Melayu.
Ahmad, I. (2015). Asas ilmu perkamusan Melayu. Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.
Al-Attas, S. M. N. (2022). Islam dalam sejarah dan kebudayaan Melayu. Penerbit Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia.
Almarwaey, A. O., & Ahmad, U. K. (2021). Semantic change of hijab, halal and Islamist from Arabic to English. 3L: Language, Linguistics, Literature® The Southeast Asian Journal of English Language Studies, 27(2), 161-176. https://doi.org/10.17576/3L-2021-2702-12
Anis, M. Y., & Arifuddin, A. (2023). Comparative Analysis of Arabic-Indonesian and Arabic-English Translation Techniques in The Al-Hikam Aphorism. JURNAL ARBITRER, 10(1), 51–65. https://doi.org/10.25077/ar.10.1.51-65.2023
Anwar, F. (2017). Semantic change in language borrowing: The case of Arabic borrowed words in Urdu. Language in India, 17(2), 108-124. https://www.languageinindia.com/feb2017/farheenurdusemanticsfinal.pdf
Artis, A., Bartel-Radic, A., & Haidar, H. (2019). Quantifying qualitative case study research with QCA: Implications and process of the method from the example of a study on inter organizational collaboration. In A. Bartel-Radic (Ed.) Innovative and alternative research methods in economics and business administration (pp.28-45). EIKV.
Beg, M. A. J. (1979). Arabic loan-words in Malay: A comparative study (2nd ed.). University of Malaya Press.
Cambridge Advanced Learner’s Dictionary (4th ed.). (2013). Cambridge University Press.
Collins, J. T. (2023). Kamus dewan perdana: Tinjauan maklumat etimologi. Melayu: Jurnal Antarabangsa Dunia Melayu, 16(2), 209-238. https://doi.org/10.37052/jm.16(2)no3
Concise Oxford English Dictionary (11th ed.). (2006). Oxford University Press.
Danzaki, M. A. (2015). Semantic change in Arabic loanwords in Hasua. In Ghazali, R., Ismail, M. R., Arshad, S. R., & Ahmad, C. W. S. B. C. W. (Eds.), E-proceeding of the 2nd International Conference on Arabic Studies and Islamic Civilization, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (ms. 448-458).
De La Cruz-Cabanillas, I. (2008). Chinese loanwords in the OED. Studia Anglica Posnaniensia, 44, 253-274. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Isabel-De-La-Cruz-Cabanillas/publication/270272032_Chinese_Loanwords_in_the_OED/links/54a3decc0cf256bf8bb1bcc1/Chinese-Loanwords-in-the-OED.pdf
De Schryver, G. M., & Prinsloo, D. J. (2000a). Electronic corpora as a basis for the compilation of African-language dictionaries, Part 1: The macrostructure. South African Journal of African Languages, 20(4), 291-309. https://doi.org/10.1080/02572117.2000.10587437
De Schryver, G. M., & Prinsloo, D. J. (2000b). Dictionary-making process with ‘simultaneous feedback’ from the target users to the compilers. In Ninth EURALEX International Congress (pp. 197-209).
Hassan, H. (2023). Kajian linguistik bersumberkan korpus. Kekuatan dan kelemahannya. PENDETA, 14(1), 23-34. https://doi.org/10.37134/pendeta.vol14.1.fa.2.2023
Hassan, H. (2024). Kamus Dewan Perdana: Persoalan dan penjelasan. Melayu: Jurnal Antarabangsa Dunia Melayu, 17(1), 107-124. https://doi.org/10.37052/jm.17(1)no5
Hasan, M. (2015). Semantic change of words entered into another language through the process of language borrowing: A case study of Arabic words in Bengali. PEOPLE: International Journal of Social Sciences, 1(1), 1375-1390. https://grdspublishing.org/PEOPLE/people.html
Hassan, A. & Mohd, A. (1994). Bahasa Melayu untuk maktab perguruan. Penerbit Fajar Bakti Sdn. Bhd.
Hidayati, A., & Prindyatno, A. A. (2023). Perubahan makna kata serapan bahasa Arab dalam bahasa Indonesia (Kajian ilmu semantik). AliF: Arabic Language in Focus, 1(1), 6-11.
Ilmiatun, N. J. (2022). Perkembangan makna bahasa Arab. Diwan: Jurnal Bahasa dan Sastra Arab, 14(2), 133-143. https://doi.org/10.15548/diwan.v14i2.826
Jaafar, M. F., Zahid, I., & Abu Bakar, N. (2024). Taksonomi kata pinjaman Arab-Melayu dari aspek gramatikal. Issues in Language Studies, 13(1), 356–373. https://doi.org/10.33736/ils.5773.2024
Jalaluddin, N. H., Sarudin, A., & Ahmad, Z. (2012). Peluasan makna alim: Analisis semantik kognitif. GEMA OnlineTM Journal of Language Studies, 12(2), 457-473. https://ir.upsi.edu.my/files/docs/2020/1780_1780.pdf
Jones, R. (2008). Loan-words in Indonesian and Malay. KITLV Press.
Julul, A. A. H., Rahmawati, N. M., Sartini, N. W., & Kwary, D. A. (2019). Semantic adaptations of the Arabic loanwords in the Indonesian language. Mozaik Humaniora, 19(2), 135-147. https://repository.unair.ac.id/124625/
Jumingan, M. F. (2005, June 6-7). Kata pinjaman Arab dalam Kamus Dewan Edisi Ketiga: Satu analisis semantik. [Paper presentation]. Persidangan Antarabangsa Leksikologi dan Leksikografi Melayu, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
Jumingan, M. F. (2011). Ketepatan makna kata pinjaman Arab dalam Kamus Dewan. In Othman, M. A., & Bakar, H. N. (Eds.), Prosiding Kongres Antarabangsa Bahasa dan Budaya Jilid II, Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei (ms. 78-89). Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.
Jumingan, M. F., & Hasbullah, M. (2002). Kata serapan Arab dalam bahasa Melayu: Analisis semantik. In Musanif, A. M., Isin, R@S., & Hassan, H. (Eds.), Monograf Bahasa, Sastera dan Budaya Melayu (ms. 165-176): Jabatan Bahasa Melayu, FBMK Universiti Putra Malaysia.
Kamus besar bahasa Indonesia (3rd ed.). (2001). Pusat Bahasa Departemen Pendidikan Nasional.
Kamus dewan. (1970). Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.
Kamus dewan edisi baharu. (1989). Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.
Kamus dewan edisi ketiga. (1994). Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.
Kamus dewan edisi keempat. (2005). Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.
Kamus dewan edisi keempat. (2015). Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.
Kamus dewan perdana. (2021). Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.
Karim, N. S. (2013). Sepintas lalu perkamusan Melayu. Akademi Pengajian Melayu.
Karim, N. S., Onn, F, M., Musa, H., & Mahmood, A. H. (2013). Tatabahasa Dewan Edisi Ketiga. Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.
Legewie, N. (2013). An introduction to applied data analysis with qualitative comparative analysis. Forum: Qualitative Social Research, 14(3), 1-45. https://doi.org/10.17169/fqs-14.3.1961
Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English New Edition. (2009). Pearson Education Limited.
Lubis, M. B. (2014). Kata serapan Arab dalam bahasa Melayu: Perubahan dari segi ejaan Jawi dan makna. Pertanika Journal of MAHAWANGSA 1 (1), 43-59. https://persatuan.upm.edu.my/dokumen/JPMWS_Mahawangsa_Vol_1_(1)_Jun_2014.pdf#page=51
Maiza, Z. (2017). Kata pinjaman bahasa Arab dalam bahasa Minangkabau. FUADUNA: Jurnal Kajian Keagamaan dan Kemasyarakatan, 1(2), 208-236. https://dx.doi.org/10.30983/fuaduna.v1i2.428
Majmaʻ al-Lughah al-ʻArabīyah Majma. (2011). al-Muʻjam al-Wasīt. Maktabah al-Shuruq al-Duwaliyya.
Mansor, I. (2002). Kata pinjaman bahasa Melayu daripada bahasa Arab (A-M): Kajian bandingan dari aspek penggunaan berdasarkan Kamus Dewan dan al-Mu’jam al-Wasit [Unpublished Master’s thesis]. Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia.
Mansor, W. M. S. A. W (2010). Entri agama berlabel “Ar” dalam Kamus Dewan: Satu analisis semantik [Unpublished master’s thesis]. Universiti Malaya.
Musling, M. N. (2021). The semantic change in Arabic loan words in Malay language: Types and reasons. AL- ‘ABQARI, Journal of Islamic Social Sciences and Humanities, 25(1), 244-263. https://doi.org/10.33102/abqari.vol24no2.306
Puspita, D., & Yusuf, K. (2020). Sketching the semantic change of Jahanam and Hijrah: A corpus based approach to manuscripts of Arabic-Indonesian Lexicon. Arabi: Journal of Arabic Studies, 5(1), 1-10. https://dx.doi.org/10.24865/ajas.v5i1.246
Rihoux, B. (2006). Qualitative comparative analysis (QCA) and related systematic comparative methods recent advances and remaining challenges for social science research. International Sociology, 21(5), 679–706. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0268580906067836
Sarudin, A. (2019). Semantik dan Data korpus: Kajian polisemi kata serapan bahasa Arab dalam korpus klasik. In N. S. Karim, N. Jamaludin & A. Sarudin (Eds.), Data korpus dalam kajian linguistik (ms. 147-178). Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.
Totlubok@Hajimaming, P., & Mezah, C. R. (2013, July 3-4). Perubahan makna kata pinjaman Arab: Satu penelitian dalam Kamus Dewan. [Paper presentation]. 4th International Conference of Foreign Languages, Melaka, Malaysia.
Ukhrawiyah, F. (2019). Perubahan makna kosakata bahasa Arab yang diserap ke dalam bahasa Indonesia. Al-Ma’rifah: Journal of Arabic Culture, Language and Literature, 16(2), 132-139. https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/290086405.pdf
Viera, R. T. (2017). Vocabulary knowledge in the production of written texts: A case study on EFL language learners. Revista Tecnológica-ESPOL, 30(3), 89-105. https://rte.espol.edu.ec/index.php/tecnologica/article/view/628
Wilkinson, R. J. (1959). A Malay-English dictionary. Macmillan & Co LTD.
Windstedt, R. O. (1960). Kamus bahasa Melayu. Maricon & Sons.
Yusoff, M. A. (2006). Perkataan Arab dalam bahasa Melayu: Satu tinjauan dari aspek Semantik. Jurnal Usuluddin, 23, 239-254. https://ejournal.um.edu.my/index.php/JUD/article/view/4257/2103
Zahid, I., Abu Bakar, N., Wan Ali, W. Z. K., & Jaafar, M. F. (2024). Pembangunan Prototaip: Peluasan Makna Kata Pinjaman Bahasa Arab dalam Bahasa Melayu. Pertanika Journal of Social Sciences & Humanities (S1): 51-85. https://doi.org/10.47836/pjssh.32.S1.03
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Abu Bakar, N., Zahid, I., & Wan Ali, W. Z. K. (2024). Arabic Loanwords in Kamus Dewan Perdana: Questions of Etymology, Word Class and Definition. Jurnal Arbitrer, 11(3), 314–333. https://doi.org/10.25077/ar.11.3.314-333.2024
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