The Vitality of Mother Tongues in a Multilingual Society in Dieng, Central Java
Main Article Content
Keywords
language attitudes, language vitality, mother tongue, multilingual society, sociolinguistics
Abstract
Multilingual conditions can threaten the mother tongue in a tourism area because most people use other languages when interacting with tourists. Thus, it can hamper the inheritance of the mother tongue or even replace it with another language. This study used a sociolinguistic theoretical approach to measure the mother tongue’s vitality level in a multilingual community in Dieng, Central Java. This descriptive study used a mixed method. Data were collected from interviews with 53 informants and with the help of a research instrument namely the Interview Package of “Basa Urang”. Data were analyzed based on Miles dan Huberman’s model (1984), covering data collection, reduction, presentation, and drawing conclusions. The study results showed that the vitality of the mother tongue in the multilingual community in Dieng, Central Java is in the vulnerable category as the mother tongue is only used in the domestic domain. This is proven by the percentage level of mother tongue use based on patterns ‘with’, patterns ‘in’, and patterns ‘for’. The main factors causing the low vitality of the mother tongue in the multilingual community in this area are economic and educational. This study describes the condition of each living language in a multilingual society in Dieng, Central Jawa. This study provides quite large implications in describing the vitality of mother tongues in a multilingual society in Dieng, Central Java, but further studies are needed to get a deeper understanding of the implications.
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References
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Miles, M. B., & Huberman, A. M. (1984). Qualitative Data Analysis: A Sourcebook of New Methods. California: SAGE Publications Inc.
Nababan, P. W. J. (1993). Sosiolinguistik: Suatu Pengantar (4th ed.). Jakarta: PT Gramedia Pustaka Umum.
Pateda, M. (2015). Sosiolinguistik. Bandung: Angkasa.
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Saidat, A. M. (2010). Language Attitude: the Case of Jordan. International Journal of Academic Research, 2(6), 235–243.
Sobarna, C. (2007). Bahasa Sunda Sudah Di Ambang Pintu Kematiankah? Makara Human Behavior Studies in Asia, 11(1), 13–17. https://doi.org/10.7454/mssh.v11i1.39
Spolsky, B. (1998). Sociolingustics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Sumarsono. (2017). Sosiolinguistik. (J. Irianto, Ed.). Yogyakarta: SABDA and Pustaka Pelajar.
Toró, T. (2023). Selective bilingualism: official language use and linguistic landscape in Hungarian-Romanian mixed schools in Romania. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1080/01434632.2023.2173207
Tran, G. (2023). The Cultural Capital of Migrants and Language Maintenance across Generations: Vietnamese Families in Australia. Sociological Focus, 56(1), 81–96. https://doi.org/10.1080/00380237.2022.2154295
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Wardhaugh, R. (2006). An Introduction to Sociolinguistics (5th ed.). UK: Blackwell Publishing. https://doi.org/10.2307/590702
Wurm, S. A. (2003). The Language Situation and Language Endangerment in the Greater Pacific Area. In M. Janse & S. Tol (Eds.), Language Death and Language Maintenance: Theoretical, practical and descriptive approaches (pp. 15–47). Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company.
Anindyatri, A. O., & Mufidah, I. (2020). Gambaran Kondisi Vitalitas Bahasa Daerah di Indonesia. (W. Permanawiyat, Ed.). Tangerang Selatan: Pusat Data dan Teknologi Informasi Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan.
Ariyanti, & Sofian, A. (2021). Vitalitas Bahasa Sunda di Kabupaten Kuningan. Metalingua, 19(2), 191–204.
Arka, I. W. (2013). Language management and minority language maintenance in (eastern) Indonesia : strategic issues. Language Documentation & Conservation, 7, 74–105.
Astawa, I. N. T. (2018). Wacana Punahnya Bahasa Daerah Dalam Pergaulan Globalisasi. Kalangwan, 8(2), 180–189. https://doi.org/10.25078/klgw.v7i1.1076
Austin, P. K., & Sallabank, J. (2011). Introduction. In P. K. Austin & Julia (Eds.), The Cambridge Handbook of Endangered Languages (1st ed., pp. 1–24). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Begum, N., & Sinha, S. (2021). Mother tongue marginalisation: an empirical study on language visibility and vitality in public space of an Indian satellite town. International Journal of Multilingualism, 18(1), 41–58. https://doi.org/10.1080/14790718.2019.1591417
Bell, R. T. (1976). Sociolinguistics : Goals, Approaches and Problems (1st ed.). London: B.T. Batsford Ltd.
Benu, N. N., Artawa, I. K., Satyawati, M. S., & Purnawati, K. W. (2023). Local language vitality in Kupang city, Indonesia: A linguistic landscape approach. Cogent Arts and Humanities, 10(1), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311983.2022.2153973
Bourhis, R. Y. (1983). Language attitudes and self-reports of french-english language usage in quebec. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 4(2–3), 163–179. https://doi.org/10.1080/01434632.1983.9994109
Bourhis, R. Y., Giles, H., & Tajfel, H. (1973). Language as a determinant of Welsh identity. European Journal of Social Psychology, 3(4), 447–460. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2420030407
Cargile, A. C., Giles, H., Ryan, E. B., & Bradac, J. J. (1994). Language attitudes as a social process: A conceptual model and new directions. Language and Communication, 14(3), 211–236. https://doi.org/10.1016/0271-5309(94)90001-9
Chaer, A., & Agustina, L. (2010). Sosiolinguistik: perkenalan awal. Jakarta: Rineka Cipta.
Chikaipa, V. (2023). Preserving indigenous minority languages through community radio in development programmes in Malawi. Southern African Linguistics and Applied Language Studies, 41(3), 298–314. https://doi.org/10.2989/16073614.2022.2128382
Cohn, A. C. (2013). Paket Wawancara “Basa Urang.”
Creswell, J. W. (2009). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches (3rd ed.). Los Angeles: SAGE Publications, Inc.
Dağdeviren-Kırmızı, G. (2023). Family language policy in an endangered heritage language context: Gagauz mothers’ perspectives. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1080/01434632.2023.2195852
Dragojevic, M., & Giles, H. (2016). I Don’t Like You Because You’re Hard to Understand: The Role of Processing Fluency in the Language Attitudes Process. Human Communication Research, 42, 396–420. https://doi.org/10.1111/hcre.12079
Firman, A. D., Astar, H., & Nugroho, M. (2023). Vitalitas Bahasa Moronene di Kabupaten Bombana. Kandai, 19(1), 17–39. https://doi.org/10.26499/jk.v19i1.4551
Fishman, J. A. (1972). Domains and the Relationship between Micro- and Macrosociolinguistics. In J. J. Gumperz & D. Hymes (Eds.), Directions in Sociolinguistics: the ethnography of communication (pp. 435–454). New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc.
Gomashie, G. A. (2023). Language Attitudes as Insights into Indigenous Language Shift and Maintenance. Journal of Language, Identity and Education, 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1080/15348458.2023.2185782
Grenoble, L. A. (2011). Language ecology and endangerment. In P. K. Austin & J. Sallabank (Eds.), The Cambridge Handbook of Endangered Languages (1st ed., pp. 27–44). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Hazen, K. (2010). Sociolinguistics in the United States of America. In M. J. Ball (Ed.), The Routledge Handbook of Sociolinguistics Around the World (1st ed., pp. 7–24). New York: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203869659
Holmes, J. (2013). An Introduction to Sociolinguistics (4th ed.). London: Routledge.
Hudson, R. A. (1996). Sociolinguistics (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Ibrahim, G. A. (2011). Bahasa Terancam Punah: Fakta, Sebab-Musabab, Gejala, dan Strategi Perawatannya. Linguistik Indonesia, 29(1), 35–52.
Iye, R., Simpen, I. W., Sedeng, I. N., Netra, I. M., Said, I. M., & Abida, F. I. N. (2023). Language contextualization in public space in Maluku Province: A landscape linguistics study. Cogent Arts and Humanities, 10(1), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311983.2023.2247648
Kecskes, I., & Papp, T. (2000). Foreign Language and Mother Tongue. London: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan. (2019). Data Bahasa di Indonesia. Retrieved 09/12/2022 from https://petabahasa.kemdikbud.go.id/databahasa.php
Lillis, T. (2013). The Sociolinguistics of Writing. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9781139164597.013
Lin, E. (2023). Language and tourism in Cambodia: a multi-case study of the linguistic landscape in Phnom Penh hotels. Asian Englishes, 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1080/13488678.2023.2251754
Miles, M. B., & Huberman, A. M. (1984). Qualitative Data Analysis: A Sourcebook of New Methods. California: SAGE Publications Inc.
Nababan, P. W. J. (1993). Sosiolinguistik: Suatu Pengantar (4th ed.). Jakarta: PT Gramedia Pustaka Umum.
Pateda, M. (2015). Sosiolinguistik. Bandung: Angkasa.
Rahmawati, Fasya, M., & Sudana, U. (2022). Vitalitas Bahasa Ibu di Ruang Virtual: Studi Sosiolinguistik tentang Pemertahanan Bahasa Sunda di Kanal Youtube Fiksi. Suar Betang, 17(2), 261–278. https://doi.org/10.26499/surbet.v17i2.437
Saidat, A. M. (2010). Language Attitude: the Case of Jordan. International Journal of Academic Research, 2(6), 235–243.
Sobarna, C. (2007). Bahasa Sunda Sudah Di Ambang Pintu Kematiankah? Makara Human Behavior Studies in Asia, 11(1), 13–17. https://doi.org/10.7454/mssh.v11i1.39
Spolsky, B. (1998). Sociolingustics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Sumarsono. (2017). Sosiolinguistik. (J. Irianto, Ed.). Yogyakarta: SABDA and Pustaka Pelajar.
Toró, T. (2023). Selective bilingualism: official language use and linguistic landscape in Hungarian-Romanian mixed schools in Romania. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1080/01434632.2023.2173207
Tran, G. (2023). The Cultural Capital of Migrants and Language Maintenance across Generations: Vietnamese Families in Australia. Sociological Focus, 56(1), 81–96. https://doi.org/10.1080/00380237.2022.2154295
UNESCO. (2020). International Mother Language Day ‘Languages Without Borders’’.’ Retrieved from https://en.unesco.org/sites/default/files/imld-2020-concept-note-en.pdf
Varah, S. K., & Pawar, D. T. (2023). Attitudes towards mother tongue education in Manipur, Northeast India. Language and Education, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1080/09500782.2023.2217157
Wardhaugh, R. (2006). An Introduction to Sociolinguistics (5th ed.). UK: Blackwell Publishing. https://doi.org/10.2307/590702
Wurm, S. A. (2003). The Language Situation and Language Endangerment in the Greater Pacific Area. In M. Janse & S. Tol (Eds.), Language Death and Language Maintenance: Theoretical, practical and descriptive approaches (pp. 15–47). Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company.
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Jan 8, 2024
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Nunung Sitaresmi, Meilani Puji Astini, Lilis Siti Sulistyaningsih, Isah Cahyani, & Rahmawati, R. (2024). The Vitality of Mother Tongues in a Multilingual Society in Dieng, Central Java. Jurnal Arbitrer, 10(4), 309–322. https://doi.org/10.25077/ar.10.4.309-322.2023
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Author Biographies
Nunung Sitaresmi, Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia
Fakultas Pendidikan Bahasa dan Sastra
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia
Meilani Puji Astini, Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia
Fakultas Pendidikan Bahasa dan Sastra
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia
Lilis Siti Sulistyaningsih, Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia
Fakultas Pendidikan Bahasa dan Sastra
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia
Isah Cahyani, Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia
Fakultas Pendidikan Bahasa dan Sastra
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia