Exploring Translation Strategies of Japanese Manga in Google Translate and Komikcast Translations
Main Article Content
Keywords
translation strategies, manga translation, Google Translate, fan-based translations, equivalence, equivalence effects
Abstract
This paper examines the translations of ‘Golden Kamuy Vol. 1’ from Japanese to Bahasa Melayu/Bahasa Indonesia by MT system Google Translate (GT) and online fan-based translating community Komikcast. Given the linguistic and sociocultural differences between the source language (SL) and target language (TL), translating manga demands expertise and a profound understanding of the cultural nuances embedded in the SL, the specific manga genre, and the target audience. This qualitative descriptive study uses Vinay and Darbelnet’s (1958/1995) translation strategies to analyze the translations of ‘Golden Kamuy Vol. 1’ by GT and Komikcast. The study finds that both platforms employ Literal Translation, Borrowing, and Equivalence strategies, with Komikcast additionally using Modulation. GT primarily relies on literary translation, which is consistent with its algorithmic nature and reliance on translation memories. Conversely, Komikcast emphasizes the Equivalence strategy, recognizing the significance of language proficiency and the contextual and cultural insights human translators provide. Findings are discussed in relation to Nida’s equivalence effects, particularly regarding the translated text’s purpose, translators’ knowledge, and cultural differences in SL and TL. This research enhances our understanding of manga translation, as well as the strengths and limitations of machine and human translation, while contributing to the broader discussion on translation studies. While acknowledging the role and potential of machine translation, this research also reinforces the critical role of human translators in bridging linguistic and cultural gaps between Japanese and Indonesian, highlighting the need for translators to possess deep cultural insights and proficiency beyond literal translations for more authentic and contextually accurate renditions.
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References
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Furuhata-turner, H. (2013). Use of Comics Manga as a Learning Tool to Teach Translation of Japanese. The Journal of Language Learning and Teaching, 3(2), 72–83.
Hevia, C. M. (2007). Video Games Localisation: Posing New Challenges to the Translator. Perspectives, 14(4), 306–323. https://doi.org/10.1080/09076760708669046
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Maser, V. (2020). Translated Yuri Manga in Germany. Mechademia, 13(1), 159–162.
Masinambow, E. K. M. (1980). Struktur bahasa sebagai cermin pandangan hidup . In Ayatrohaedi, M. F. H. Swasono, & W. Soerjohardjo (Eds.), Yang tersirat dan tersurat (pp. 1–19). Fakultas Sastra Universitas Indonesia.
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Muhammad Nur Ramadhan. (2019). Penerjemahan Wakamono Kotoba Dalam Manga ‘One Piece’. Diponegoro University.
Newmark, P. (1981). Approaches to Translation. Prentice Hall International Ltd.
Nida, E. A. (1964). Towards a Science of Translating: With Special Reference to Principles and Procedures Involved in Bible Translating. Brill.
Nida, E. A., & Taber, C. R. (1969). Nida, Eugene A (1969), The Theory and Practice of Translation. E. J. Brill.
Ningsih, E., & Hidayat, R. S. (2018). Dynamic equivalence assessment of Japanese comic (manga) “garasu no kamen” into Indonesian language translation “topeng kaca”(the glass mask). International Journal of Linguistics, Literature and Culture, 4(4), 53–68.
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Salsabila, A., & Laksman-Huntley, M. (2020). Indonesian Translation of French Pronominal Verbs: Procedures and Shifts. Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Language, Literature, and Arts Education (ICLLAE 2019). https://doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.200804.043
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Silalahi, M., Rafli, Z., & Rasyid, Y. (2018). The Analysis of Errors in Translation of Scientific Text from English to Indonesian Language. JETL (Journal Of Education, Teaching and Learning), 3(1), 23. https://doi.org/10.26737/jetl.v1i1.456
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Vinay, J. P., & Darbelnet, J. (1995). Comparative Stylistics of French and English: A Methodology for Translation. John Benjamins Publishing Company.
Wabbit Translations. (2022, January 31). Translating Comic Books: A very particular challenge . Wabbit Translations.
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Yuniarsih Yuniarsih, Eky Kusuma Hapsari, & Andra Roni Kusuma. (2022). Transposition and Modulation occured in the Translation of Meitantei Conan Manga Volume 61. Jurnal Kata, 6(1), 13–24. https://doi.org/10.22216/kata.v6i1.551
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Akiko Hashimoto. (2023). Pop Culture: Manga. University of Pittsburg.
Amanda Pagan. (2018, December 27). A Beginner’s Guide to Manga. New York Public Library. https://www.nypl.org/blog/2018/12/27/beginners-guide-manga#:~:text=Manga%20is%20an%20umbrella%20term,only%20used%20for%20special%20releases
Baker, M., & Baker, M. (1992). In Other Words. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203133590
Bassnett, S. (2014). Translation Studies (4th ed.). Routledge.
Berndt, J. (2014). Considering manga discourse: Location, ambiguity, historicity. In Japanese Visual Culture (pp. 295–310). Routledge.
Berndt, J. (2016). Manga, Which Manga? Publication Formats, Genres, Users. In Andrew Targowski, Juri Abe, & Hisanori Kato (Eds.), Japanese Civilization in the 21st Century (pp. 121–134). Nova Science Publishers, Inc.
Berndt, J. (2018). Anime in Academia: Representative Object, Media Form, and Japanese Studies. Arts, 7(4), 56. https://doi.org/10.3390/arts7040056
Berndt, J. (2020). Manga as Japanese: Industry, Mediality, Representation. In Kurt Almqvist & Yukiko Duke Bergman (Eds.), Japan’s past and present (pp. 115–125). Bokförlaget Stolpe.
Catford, J. C. (1965). A Linguistic Theory of Translation. OUP.
Chan, L. T. H. (2017). Transgenderism in Japanese manga as radical translation: The Journey to the West Goes to Japan. In B. J. Baer & K. Kaindl (Eds.), Queering Translation, Translating the Queer: Theory, Practice, Activism (pp. 96–111). Routledge.
Chow, Y. F. (2023). A social semiotic multimodal analysis of ateji translation in manga. Social Semiotics, 33(4), 787–807. https://doi.org/10.1080/10350330.2021.1945417
Chow, Y. F., & Che Omar, H. (2019). The Translation of Giongo/Gitaigo in the Japanese Manga Kimi No Na Wa. Jurnal Bahasa, 19(2), 307–328. https://doi.org/10.37052/jb.19(2)no6
Chow, Y. F., Che Omar, H., & Abdul Rahman, W. R. E. (2021). Manga Translation and Censorship Issues in Malaysia. KEMANUSIAAN The Asian Journal of Humanities, 28(1), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.21315/kajh2021.28.1.1
Chow, Y. F., Haroon, H., & Omar, H. C. (2020). Reaching out to the readers: The translation of Japanese manga in Malaysia. Indonesian Journal of Applied Linguistics, 10(2), 538–550. https://doi.org/10.17509/ijal.v10i2.28605
Chow, Y. F., & Omar, H. C. (2019). Factors Influencing Manga Translation in Malaysia. In Siti Wachidah, Dewi Rochsantiningsih, Dr. Rudi Hartono, & Dr. Mirjam Anugerahwati (Eds.), ELTLT: English Language Teaching, Literature, and Translation. Faculty of Language and Arts, Unnes.
Chow, Y. F., & Omar, H. C. (2021). Agency changes in manga translation. In A. Almanna & C. Gu (Eds.), Translation as a Set of Frames (pp. 32–48). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003024828
Darlington, T., & Cooper, S. (2010). The Power of Truth: Gender and Sexuality in Manga. In Toni Johnson-Woods (Ed.), Manga: An Anthology of Global and Cultural Perspectives (pp. 157–172).
Espresso Translations. (2023, July 4). Human Translation. Espresso Translations. https://www.espressotranslations.com/human-translation/
EVS: Global Translations and Business Services. (2012). Comic translations – transferring humor across 20 languages. EVS: Global Translations and Business Services.
Fabbretti, M. (2016). The Use of Translation Notes in Manga Scanlation. TranscUlturAl: A Journal of Translation and Cultural Studies, 8(2), 86. https://doi.org/10.21992/T9SS57
Febri Nur Dwiyanti, . H., & Intan Suri. (2022). Penerjemahan Kanyouku dalam Novel Shikisai wo Motanai Tazaki Tsukuru to Kare no Junrei no Toshi Karya Haruki Murakami. Humanis, 26(1), 56. https://doi.org/10.24843/JH.2022.v26.i01.p07
Freedman, A. (2018). Cultural literacy in the empire of emoji signs: Who is crying with joy? First Monday. https://doi.org/10.5210/fm.v23i9.9395
Freedman, A., & Slade, T. (2018). Introducing Japanese popular culture: Serious approaches to playful delights. In Introducing Japanese popular culture (pp. 1–10). Routledge.
Furuhata-turner, H. (2013). Use of Comics Manga as a Learning Tool to Teach Translation of Japanese. The Journal of Language Learning and Teaching, 3(2), 72–83.
Hevia, C. M. (2007). Video Games Localisation: Posing New Challenges to the Translator. Perspectives, 14(4), 306–323. https://doi.org/10.1080/09076760708669046
Hinami, R., Ishiwatari, S., Yasuda, K., & Matsui, Y. (2021). Towards Fully Automated Manga Translation. Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence, 12998–13008. https://doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v35i14.17537
Ito, K. (2005). A history of manga in the context of Japanese culture and society. Journal of Popular Culture, 38(3), 456.
Jaqueline, B., & Kümmerling-Meibauer, B. (2013). Introduction: Studying manga across cultures. In Manga’s Cultural Crossroads (1st ed., pp. 1–15). Routledge.
Koentjaraningrat. (1992). Kebudayaan Mentalitas dan Pembangunan. Gramedia Pustaka Umum.
Lewicki, R. H. (2022). Prefiguring the Otokonoko Genre. The Journal of Anime and Manga Studies, 3, 62–84. https://doi.org/10.21900/j.jams.v3.868
LompatLompat. (2020, October 1). Golden Kamuy is read by men and women equally, data shows. Kamuy Central. https://kamuycentral.wordpress.com/2020/10/01/golden-kamuy-equal-men-women-readers/
MacWilliams, M. (2012). Religion and Manga. In Handbook of Contemporary Japanese Religions (pp. 595–628). BRILL. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004234369_026
Mahsun. (2012). Metodologi Penelitian Bahasa: Tahapan Strategi, Metode, dan Tekniknya. Rajagrafindo Persada.
Maser, V. (2020). Translated Yuri Manga in Germany. Mechademia, 13(1), 159–162.
Masinambow, E. K. M. (1980). Struktur bahasa sebagai cermin pandangan hidup . In Ayatrohaedi, M. F. H. Swasono, & W. Soerjohardjo (Eds.), Yang tersirat dan tersurat (pp. 1–19). Fakultas Sastra Universitas Indonesia.
Mohd Ayob, N., & Mohamad, H. (2015). Perbandingan Terjemahan Manusia dan Terjemahan Mesin dalam Buku Fitness 24/7. Jurnal Bahasa, 15(2), 307–335.
Muhammad Nur Ramadhan. (2019). Penerjemahan Wakamono Kotoba Dalam Manga ‘One Piece’. Diponegoro University.
Newmark, P. (1981). Approaches to Translation. Prentice Hall International Ltd.
Nida, E. A. (1964). Towards a Science of Translating: With Special Reference to Principles and Procedures Involved in Bible Translating. Brill.
Nida, E. A., & Taber, C. R. (1969). Nida, Eugene A (1969), The Theory and Practice of Translation. E. J. Brill.
Ningsih, E., & Hidayat, R. S. (2018). Dynamic equivalence assessment of Japanese comic (manga) “garasu no kamen” into Indonesian language translation “topeng kaca”(the glass mask). International Journal of Linguistics, Literature and Culture, 4(4), 53–68.
Nord, C. (2005). Text Analysis in Translation: Theory, Methodology, and Didactic Application of a Model for Translation-oriented Text Analysis. Rodopi.
Okyayuz, A. Ş. (2017). Examining the Translation and Scanlation of the Manga Naruto into Turkish from a Translator’s Perspective. International Journal of English Language & Translation Studies, 5(3), 161–173.
Prough, J. (2010a). Marketing Japan: Manga as Japan’s New Ambassador. ASIANetwork Exchange: A Journal for Asian Studies in the Liberal Arts, 17(2), 54. https://doi.org/10.16995/ane.207
Prough, J. (2010b). Straight from the Heart: Gender, Intimacy, and the Cultural Production of Shojo Manga. University of Hawaii Press.
Robin, E. B. (2007). Understanding Manga and Anime. Libraries Unlimited.
Rohan, O., Sasamoto, R., & O’Brien, S. (2021). Onomatopoeia: A relevance-based eye-tracking study of digital manga. Journal of Pragmatics, 186, 60–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2021.09.018
Sajida Ayyup. (2020, July 25). SDCC ’20: The Past, Present and Future of Manga Publishing. The Beat: The Blog of Comics Culture.
Salsabila, A., & Laksman-Huntley, M. (2020). Indonesian Translation of French Pronominal Verbs: Procedures and Shifts. Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Language, Literature, and Arts Education (ICLLAE 2019). https://doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.200804.043
Sam Yip. (n.d.). What is Neural Machine Translation & How does it work? Translate FX. Retrieved 6 September 2023, from https://www.translatefx.com/blog/what-is-neural-machine-translation-engine-how-does-it-work?lang=en
Schodt, F. L. (2016). Translating Manga. World Literature Today, 90(2), 7–7. https://doi.org/10.1353/wlt.2016.0055
Sell, C. (2011). Manga Translation and Interculture. Mechademia, 6(1), 93–108. https://doi.org/10.1353/mec.2011.0002
Sharif, M. S., Romo, B. A., Maltby, H., & Al-Bayatti, A. (2021). An Effective Hybrid Approach Based on Machine Learning Techniques for Auto-Translation: Japanese to English. 2021 International Conference on Innovation and Intelligence for Informatics, Computing, and Technologies (3ICT), 557–562. https://doi.org/10.1109/3ICT53449.2021.9581629
Silalahi, M., Rafli, Z., & Rasyid, Y. (2018). The Analysis of Errors in Translation of Scientific Text from English to Indonesian Language. JETL (Journal Of Education, Teaching and Learning), 3(1), 23. https://doi.org/10.26737/jetl.v1i1.456
Takoboto. (2023). Takoboto: Japanese dictionary & Nihongo study tool. https://takoboto.jp
Tezuka Productions. (2023). Tezuka Osamu Official. Tezuka Productions. https://tezukaosamu.net/en/
Ting, G. E.-Y. (2019). Gender, manga, and anime. In The Routledge Companion to Gender and Japanese Culture (pp. 311–319). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315179582-31
Vahhabzadeh, K. (2018). Strategies of Censorship in Translating Children’s Stories from English into Persian. Iranian Journal of Translation Studies, 15(60).
Vinay, J. P., & Darbelnet, J. (1995). Comparative Stylistics of French and English: A Methodology for Translation. John Benjamins Publishing Company.
Wabbit Translations. (2022, January 31). Translating Comic Books: A very particular challenge . Wabbit Translations.
Wika Elfayanti. (2015). Strategi dan Prosedur Penerjemahan Idiom Bahasa Jepang Dalam Komik Doraemon Teema Betsu Kessaku Sen Edisi 1-17. Humanis: Journal of Arts and Humanities, 11(3), 1–7.
Williams, M. Mac. (2009). Imaging Japanese Religion in the Classroom: Mandala, Manga, Pizza, and Gardens. ASIANetwork Exchange: A Journal for Asian Studies in the Liberal Arts, 16(2), 86. https://doi.org/10.16995/ane.226
Xuejiao Quan, & Wenjuan Yao. (2020). A Study of the Effects of Equivalence Theory and Equivalent Effect on Translators’ Choices----With an Illustration of Chinese Translation of Charlotte’s Web. International Journal of New Developments in Engineering and Society, 4(1), 93–100.
Yang, Y. (2021). Danmaku subtitling: An exploratory study of a new grassroots translation practice on Chinese video-sharing websites. Translation Studies, 14(1), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1080/14781700.2019.1664318
Yogyanti, D. (2022). Implikasi Diatesis pada Struktur Sintaksis Bahasa Jepang. JISIP (Jurnal Ilmu Sosial Dan Pendidikan), 6(3). https://doi.org/10.58258/jisip.v6i3.3434
Yuniarsih Yuniarsih, Eky Kusuma Hapsari, & Andra Roni Kusuma. (2022). Transposition and Modulation occured in the Translation of Meitantei Conan Manga Volume 61. Jurnal Kata, 6(1), 13–24. https://doi.org/10.22216/kata.v6i1.551
Zanettin, F. (2008). Comics in Translation (Federico Zanettin, Ed.; 1st ed.). Routledge.
Zanettin, F. (2014). Visual adaptation in translated comics. Intralinea, 16, 1–34.
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Jan 8, 2024
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Yusof, B., & Basuni, H. (2024). Exploring Translation Strategies of Japanese Manga in Google Translate and Komikcast Translations. Jurnal Arbitrer, 10(4), 371–383. https://doi.org/10.25077/ar.10.4.371-383.2023
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