Indonesian Women in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia (KBBI) (1988–2018): A Lexicographic Corpus A Corpus Lexicography
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Keywords
Women, Indonesian, corpus, lexicography, KBBI
Abstract
Indonesian women have undergone significant changes over time, as reflected in the vocabulary of the Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia (KBBI). This study aims to describe the representation of Indonesian women in the KBBI and to explain the development of their social and cultural lives over 30 years (1988–2018). The research employs a descriptive-qualitative approach by collecting data through the extraction of entries, definitions, compound words, and proverbs containing the terms “perempuan” (woman) and “wanita” (lady) from two printed editions of the KBBI: the first edition (1988) and the fifth edition (2018). Data analysis was conducted using Sketch Engine to analyze 1,381,578 tokens, and the findings revealed 1,148 collocations and concordances related to the terms “perempuan” and “wanita.” The results indicate that the study of Indonesian women within a linguistic corpus offers insights into their contributions over 30 years across various fields such as religion, military, economy, journalism, health, politics, arts and culture, and beauty. Through corpus-lexicography studies, the portrayal of Indonesian women in the dictionary has challenged patriarchal views that traditionally positioned women as inferior to men. This research highlights the importance of recognizing the representation of
women in the social dynamics of Indonesian society. It offers a significant contribution to the broader field of Indonesia lexicography studies by examining how women are represented in dictionary entries.
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References
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Armatussolikha, Herna Rizkia, Tri Indah Winarni, Nani Maharani, Julian Dewantiningrum, and Muflihatul Muniroh. (2024). Impact of GSTT1 and GSTM1 variants and hair mercury concentration in maternal blood pressure among coastal pregnant Women in Central Java, Indonesia. Reproductive Toxicology 108574. doi: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2024.108574.
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Berger, Peter L., and Thomas Luckmann. (1990). The Social Construction of Reality: A Treatise in the Sociology of Knowledge. Repr. New York: Anchor Books.
Bothma, Theo J. D., Rufus H. Gouws, and Danie J. Prinsloo. (2016). The role of e-lexicography in the confirmation of lexicography as an independent and multidisciplinary field. Pp. 109–16 in Lexicography and linguistic diversity proceedings of the XVII EURALEX International Congress. Georgia: Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi University Press.
Buhr, M., and G. Klaus. (1976). Philosophisches Wörterbuch. 1: A bis Kybernetik. 12. Aufl. Westberlin: Verl. Das Europ. Buch.
Charles, Isabel, Allison Salinger, Rohan Sweeney, Becky Batagol, S. Fiona Barker, Sudirman Nasir, Ruzka R. Taruc, Naomi Francis, Thomas Clasen, and Sheela S. Sinharoy. (2023). Joint food and water insecurity had a multiplicative effect on women’s depression in urban informal settlements in Makassar, Indonesia during the COVID-19 Pandemic. The Journal of Nutrition 153(4):1244–52. doi: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2023.01.010.
Chojimah, N., and E. Widodo. (2022). Figurative forms of gender equality in Indonesian female ulama’s speeches. Eurasian Journal of Applied Linguistics 8(3):237–46. doi: 10.32601/ejal.803019.
Diderot, Denis, and Jean Le Rond D’ Alembert. 2018. Encyclopédie, Ou Dictionnaire Raisonné Des Sciences, Des Arts et Des Métiers. Paris: Creative Media Partners.
Domínguez Vázquez, María José, Lola Mosquera Sánchez, Deborah Chidimma Nebechukwu, and U.-Tong Sih. (2023). Women in Lexicography: A collaborative citizens project. Lexicographica 39(1):121–40. doi: 10.1515/lex-2023-0007.
El Badriati, Baiq, Muhammad Saleh, Faiza Husnayeni Nahar, Triana Lidona Aprilia, and Muhammad Azizurrohman. (2022). The work ethics of muslim woman songket weavers in increasing family income: Sukarare tourism village, Indonesia. Heliyon 8(11):e11604. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e11604.
Ernanda, Ernanda, and Delita Sartika. (2022). When women are the bosses: Linguistic strategies in managing problematic discourses. Jurnal Arbitrer 9(2):80–93. doi: 10.25077/ar.9.2.80-93.2022.
Geeraerts, Dirk. (1997). Diachronic Prototype Semantics: A Contribution Historical Lexicology. Oxford ; New York: Oxford University PressOxford.
Gunawan, Apriadi. (2006). Teen escapes life of prostitution. The Jakarta Post. Retrieved (https://web.archive.org/web/20121015023105/https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2006/05/23/teen-escapes-life-prostitution.html).
Halim, Daniel, Hillary C. Johnson, and Elizaveta Perova. (2022). Preschool availability and women’s employment: Evidence from Indonesia. Economic Development and Cultural Change 71(1):39–61. doi: 10.1086/714439.
Halimatusa’diyah, Iim, and Windy Triana. (2024). Sexism and women’s access to justice: Feminist judging in Indonesian islamic judiciary. Women’s Studies International Forum 103:102883. doi: 10.1016/j.wsif.2024.102883.
Hendratmi, Achsania, Tri Siwi Agustina, Puji Sucia Sukmaningrum, and Mega Ayu Widayanti. (2022). Livelihood strategies of women entrepreneurs in Indonesia. Heliyon 8(9):e10520. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10520.
Hermawati, Wati, Kirana Rukmayuninda Ririh, Luthfina Ariyani, Rahmi Lestari Helmi, and Ishelina Rosaira. (2023). Sustainable and green energy development to support women’s empowerment in rural areas of Indonesia: Case of micro-hydro power implementation. Energy for Sustainable Development 73:218–31. doi: 10.1016/j.esd.2023.02.001.
Jurafsky, Daniel. (1996). Universal tendencies in the semantics of the diminutive. Language 72(3):533. doi: 10.2307/416278.
Kilgarriff, Adam, Vít Baisa, Jan Bušta, Miloš Jakubíček, Vojtěch Kovář, Jan Michelfeit, Pavel Rychlý, and Vít Suchomel. (2014). The Sketch Engine: Ten years on. Lexicography 1(1):7–36. doi: 10.1007/s40607-014-0009-9.
Kong, Sherry Tao. (2014). Breaking barriers: Portraits of inspiring Chinese-Indonesian women. Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies 50(1):145–46. doi: 10.1080/00074918.2014.896310.
Mulawardhana, Pungky, Poedjo Hartono, Hari Nugroho, and Atika Ayuningtyas. (2021). Death of 43 Indonesian women with ovarian cancer: A case series. International Journal of Surgery Case Reports 78:391–96. doi: 10.1016/j.ijscr.2020.12.067.
Mutmainnah, Muthia, and Yati Afiyanti. (2019). The experiences of spirituality during pregnancy and childbirth in Indonesian muslim women. Enfermería Clínica 29:495–99. doi: 10.1016/j.enfcli.2019.04.074.
Novianty, Asry. (2017). Konsep Kebidanan. Jakarta: Fakultas Kedokteran dan Kesehatan Universitas Muhammadiyah.
Octavius, Gilbert Sterling, Vamela Adman Daleni, Glenda Angeline, and Cindy Virliani. (2023). A systematic review and meta-analysis of prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among Indonesian pregnant women: A public health emergency. AJOG Global Reports 3(2):100189. doi: 10.1016/j.xagr.2023.100189.
Oktaviani, Fitri Hariana. (2024). Indonesian women leaders navigating hegemonic femininity: A gramscian lens. Gender, Work & Organization 31(2):472–93. doi: 10.1111/gwao.13084.
Oliveira, Ana Flávia Souto De. (2022). Representação feminina em dicionários: análise semântico-cognitiva do verbete mulher em dicionários tipo 4. Cadernos de Estudos Linguísticos 64:e022031. doi: 10.20396/cel.v64i00.8658733.
Pontes, Antonio Luciano, and Hugo Leonardo Gomes Dos Santos. (2014). A representação do homem e da mulher no dicionário de usos do Português do Brasil. Linha D’Água 27(2):123. doi: 10.11606/issn.2236-4242.v27i2p123-140.
Putri, Retno Daru Dewi G. S. (2021). Dear Badan Bahasa, mohon empatinya ditingkatkan. Magdalene. Retrieved (https://magdalene.co/story/badan-bahasa-kemendikbud-empati-perempuan-kbbi/).
Quigley, Katherine J. (2021). Women and dictionary making: gender, genre and english language lexicography. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Rizka, Haira. (2020). The representation of indonesian women migrant workers in the lyric of tarling ndremayon. Jurnal Arbitrer 7(2):128–35. doi: 10.25077/ar.7.2.128-135.2020.
Russell, Lindsay Rose. (2018). Women and Dictionary Making: Gender, Genre, and English Language Lexicography. Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press.
Sakina, Ade Irma, and Dessy Hasanah Siti A. (2017). Menyoroti budaya patriarki di Indonesia. Share : Social Work Journal 7(1):71. doi: 10.24198/share.v7i1.13820.
Saraswati, Rika. (2020). Shame and Indonesian women victims of domestic violence in making the decision to divorce. Identities 27(5):557–73. doi: 10.1080/1070289X.2019.1600313.
Shapiro, Rebecca. (2018). The ‘wants’ of women: lexicography and pedagogy in seventeenth- and eighteenthcentury dictionaries. Pp. 187–210 in Historical Dictionaries in their Paratextual Context, edited by R. McConchie and J. Tyrkkö. De Gruyter.
Suharnanik, Suharnanik, and Ulfa Mahayani. (2017). Bias gender dalam Kamus Bahasa Indonesia on-line (studi kritis tentang pemaknaan perempuan dalam Kamus Bahasa Indonesia). EGALITA 10(2). doi: 10.18860/egalita.v10i2.4543.
Traugott, Elizabeth Closs, and Richard B. Dasher. (2001). Regularity in semantic change. 1st ed. Cambridge ; New York: Cambridge University Press.
Ullmann, Stephen. (1959). The principles of semantics. New York: Jackson.
Wieringa, Saskia E. (1993). Two Indonesian women’s organizations: Gerwani and the PKK. Bulletin of Concerned Asian Scholars 25(2):17–30. doi: 10.1080/14672715.1993.10416112.
Yuliawati, Susi. (2018). Perempuan atau Wanita? Perbandingan berbasis korpus tentang leksikon berbias gender. Paradigma, Jurnal Kajian Budaya 8(1):53. doi: 10.17510/paradigma.v8i1.227.
Ahmad Lone, Shakeel. (2023). Representation of women in pre and post - and post-Islamic-Arabian society: an appraisal. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(5):1552–54. doi: 10.21275/SR23518114813.
Arias-Badia, Blanca. (2019). Women and dictionary making: gender, genre, and english language lexicography. International Journal of Lexicography 32(3):389–91. doi: 10.1093/ijl/ecz008.
Armatussolikha, Herna Rizkia, Tri Indah Winarni, Nani Maharani, Julian Dewantiningrum, and Muflihatul Muniroh. (2024). Impact of GSTT1 and GSTM1 variants and hair mercury concentration in maternal blood pressure among coastal pregnant Women in Central Java, Indonesia. Reproductive Toxicology 108574. doi: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2024.108574.
Asmorowati, Sulikah, and Violeta Schubert. (2024). Leveraging international education to advance women’s leadership: reflections of Indonesian alumnae of their Australian education experiences. Globalisation, Societies and Education 1–17. doi: 10.1080/14767724.2024.2307875.
Badan Pengembangan dan Pembinaan Bahasa, ed. (2018). Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia. Edisi kelima. Rawamangun, Jakarta: Badan Pengembangan dan Pembinaan Bahasa, Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan.
Berger, Peter L., and Thomas Luckmann. (1990). The Social Construction of Reality: A Treatise in the Sociology of Knowledge. Repr. New York: Anchor Books.
Bothma, Theo J. D., Rufus H. Gouws, and Danie J. Prinsloo. (2016). The role of e-lexicography in the confirmation of lexicography as an independent and multidisciplinary field. Pp. 109–16 in Lexicography and linguistic diversity proceedings of the XVII EURALEX International Congress. Georgia: Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi University Press.
Buhr, M., and G. Klaus. (1976). Philosophisches Wörterbuch. 1: A bis Kybernetik. 12. Aufl. Westberlin: Verl. Das Europ. Buch.
Charles, Isabel, Allison Salinger, Rohan Sweeney, Becky Batagol, S. Fiona Barker, Sudirman Nasir, Ruzka R. Taruc, Naomi Francis, Thomas Clasen, and Sheela S. Sinharoy. (2023). Joint food and water insecurity had a multiplicative effect on women’s depression in urban informal settlements in Makassar, Indonesia during the COVID-19 Pandemic. The Journal of Nutrition 153(4):1244–52. doi: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2023.01.010.
Chojimah, N., and E. Widodo. (2022). Figurative forms of gender equality in Indonesian female ulama’s speeches. Eurasian Journal of Applied Linguistics 8(3):237–46. doi: 10.32601/ejal.803019.
Diderot, Denis, and Jean Le Rond D’ Alembert. 2018. Encyclopédie, Ou Dictionnaire Raisonné Des Sciences, Des Arts et Des Métiers. Paris: Creative Media Partners.
Domínguez Vázquez, María José, Lola Mosquera Sánchez, Deborah Chidimma Nebechukwu, and U.-Tong Sih. (2023). Women in Lexicography: A collaborative citizens project. Lexicographica 39(1):121–40. doi: 10.1515/lex-2023-0007.
El Badriati, Baiq, Muhammad Saleh, Faiza Husnayeni Nahar, Triana Lidona Aprilia, and Muhammad Azizurrohman. (2022). The work ethics of muslim woman songket weavers in increasing family income: Sukarare tourism village, Indonesia. Heliyon 8(11):e11604. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e11604.
Ernanda, Ernanda, and Delita Sartika. (2022). When women are the bosses: Linguistic strategies in managing problematic discourses. Jurnal Arbitrer 9(2):80–93. doi: 10.25077/ar.9.2.80-93.2022.
Geeraerts, Dirk. (1997). Diachronic Prototype Semantics: A Contribution Historical Lexicology. Oxford ; New York: Oxford University PressOxford.
Gunawan, Apriadi. (2006). Teen escapes life of prostitution. The Jakarta Post. Retrieved (https://web.archive.org/web/20121015023105/https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2006/05/23/teen-escapes-life-prostitution.html).
Halim, Daniel, Hillary C. Johnson, and Elizaveta Perova. (2022). Preschool availability and women’s employment: Evidence from Indonesia. Economic Development and Cultural Change 71(1):39–61. doi: 10.1086/714439.
Halimatusa’diyah, Iim, and Windy Triana. (2024). Sexism and women’s access to justice: Feminist judging in Indonesian islamic judiciary. Women’s Studies International Forum 103:102883. doi: 10.1016/j.wsif.2024.102883.
Hendratmi, Achsania, Tri Siwi Agustina, Puji Sucia Sukmaningrum, and Mega Ayu Widayanti. (2022). Livelihood strategies of women entrepreneurs in Indonesia. Heliyon 8(9):e10520. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10520.
Hermawati, Wati, Kirana Rukmayuninda Ririh, Luthfina Ariyani, Rahmi Lestari Helmi, and Ishelina Rosaira. (2023). Sustainable and green energy development to support women’s empowerment in rural areas of Indonesia: Case of micro-hydro power implementation. Energy for Sustainable Development 73:218–31. doi: 10.1016/j.esd.2023.02.001.
Jurafsky, Daniel. (1996). Universal tendencies in the semantics of the diminutive. Language 72(3):533. doi: 10.2307/416278.
Kilgarriff, Adam, Vít Baisa, Jan Bušta, Miloš Jakubíček, Vojtěch Kovář, Jan Michelfeit, Pavel Rychlý, and Vít Suchomel. (2014). The Sketch Engine: Ten years on. Lexicography 1(1):7–36. doi: 10.1007/s40607-014-0009-9.
Kong, Sherry Tao. (2014). Breaking barriers: Portraits of inspiring Chinese-Indonesian women. Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies 50(1):145–46. doi: 10.1080/00074918.2014.896310.
Mulawardhana, Pungky, Poedjo Hartono, Hari Nugroho, and Atika Ayuningtyas. (2021). Death of 43 Indonesian women with ovarian cancer: A case series. International Journal of Surgery Case Reports 78:391–96. doi: 10.1016/j.ijscr.2020.12.067.
Mutmainnah, Muthia, and Yati Afiyanti. (2019). The experiences of spirituality during pregnancy and childbirth in Indonesian muslim women. Enfermería Clínica 29:495–99. doi: 10.1016/j.enfcli.2019.04.074.
Novianty, Asry. (2017). Konsep Kebidanan. Jakarta: Fakultas Kedokteran dan Kesehatan Universitas Muhammadiyah.
Octavius, Gilbert Sterling, Vamela Adman Daleni, Glenda Angeline, and Cindy Virliani. (2023). A systematic review and meta-analysis of prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among Indonesian pregnant women: A public health emergency. AJOG Global Reports 3(2):100189. doi: 10.1016/j.xagr.2023.100189.
Oktaviani, Fitri Hariana. (2024). Indonesian women leaders navigating hegemonic femininity: A gramscian lens. Gender, Work & Organization 31(2):472–93. doi: 10.1111/gwao.13084.
Oliveira, Ana Flávia Souto De. (2022). Representação feminina em dicionários: análise semântico-cognitiva do verbete mulher em dicionários tipo 4. Cadernos de Estudos Linguísticos 64:e022031. doi: 10.20396/cel.v64i00.8658733.
Pontes, Antonio Luciano, and Hugo Leonardo Gomes Dos Santos. (2014). A representação do homem e da mulher no dicionário de usos do Português do Brasil. Linha D’Água 27(2):123. doi: 10.11606/issn.2236-4242.v27i2p123-140.
Putri, Retno Daru Dewi G. S. (2021). Dear Badan Bahasa, mohon empatinya ditingkatkan. Magdalene. Retrieved (https://magdalene.co/story/badan-bahasa-kemendikbud-empati-perempuan-kbbi/).
Quigley, Katherine J. (2021). Women and dictionary making: gender, genre and english language lexicography. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Rizka, Haira. (2020). The representation of indonesian women migrant workers in the lyric of tarling ndremayon. Jurnal Arbitrer 7(2):128–35. doi: 10.25077/ar.7.2.128-135.2020.
Russell, Lindsay Rose. (2018). Women and Dictionary Making: Gender, Genre, and English Language Lexicography. Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press.
Sakina, Ade Irma, and Dessy Hasanah Siti A. (2017). Menyoroti budaya patriarki di Indonesia. Share : Social Work Journal 7(1):71. doi: 10.24198/share.v7i1.13820.
Saraswati, Rika. (2020). Shame and Indonesian women victims of domestic violence in making the decision to divorce. Identities 27(5):557–73. doi: 10.1080/1070289X.2019.1600313.
Shapiro, Rebecca. (2018). The ‘wants’ of women: lexicography and pedagogy in seventeenth- and eighteenthcentury dictionaries. Pp. 187–210 in Historical Dictionaries in their Paratextual Context, edited by R. McConchie and J. Tyrkkö. De Gruyter.
Suharnanik, Suharnanik, and Ulfa Mahayani. (2017). Bias gender dalam Kamus Bahasa Indonesia on-line (studi kritis tentang pemaknaan perempuan dalam Kamus Bahasa Indonesia). EGALITA 10(2). doi: 10.18860/egalita.v10i2.4543.
Traugott, Elizabeth Closs, and Richard B. Dasher. (2001). Regularity in semantic change. 1st ed. Cambridge ; New York: Cambridge University Press.
Ullmann, Stephen. (1959). The principles of semantics. New York: Jackson.
Wieringa, Saskia E. (1993). Two Indonesian women’s organizations: Gerwani and the PKK. Bulletin of Concerned Asian Scholars 25(2):17–30. doi: 10.1080/14672715.1993.10416112.
Yuliawati, Susi. (2018). Perempuan atau Wanita? Perbandingan berbasis korpus tentang leksikon berbias gender. Paradigma, Jurnal Kajian Budaya 8(1):53. doi: 10.17510/paradigma.v8i1.227.
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Sep 25, 2024
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Febrina, R., Suhandano, & Sutrisno, A. (2024). Indonesian Women in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia (KBBI) (1988–2018): A Lexicographic Corpus: A Corpus Lexicography. Jurnal Arbitrer, 11(3), 297–313. https://doi.org/10.25077/ar.11.3.297-313.2024
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